Three Sisters (Pittsburgh)

Infobox_Bridge
bridge_name=The Three Sisters


caption=View of Sixth, Seventh and Ninth Street Bridges from downriver
carries=2 Vehicular lanes, 2 sidewalks
crosses=Allegheny River
locale=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
maint=Allegheny County
design=Self-anchored suspension bridge
lat=40.444269
long=-80.000982Infobox_Bridge
bridge_name=Sixth Street Bridge


caption=From north bank of the Allegheny, downtown Pittsburgh in background
official_name=Roberto Clemente Bridge
carries=Sixth Street
mainspan=430 ft (134.7 m)
length= 884 ft spans (269.4 m) (main and 2 215 side spans) 995 ft with approaches
width=38 ft roadway (formerly 2 vehicle, 2 tramway tracks, now 2 wide vehicle lanes) 10 ft sidewalks (outside the plate girder)
clearance=above 78 ft towers
below=deck is 40 ft above Emsworth Dam normal pool level (710 ft above sea level)
traffic=
open=October 19, 1928Infobox_Bridge
bridge_name=Seventh Street Bridge


caption=From north bank of the Allegheny, looking SW, downtown Pittsburgh in background, Sixth Street Bridge at right. Shows main plate girder (bearing compressive forces) and sidewalk support
official_name=Andy Warhol Bridge
carries=Seventh Street
mainspan=442 ft (xxx m)
length= 884 ft spans (269.4 m) (main and 2 221 side spans) 1061 ft with approaches (xxx m)
width=38 ft roadway (formerly 2 vehicle, 2 tramway tracks, now 2 wide vehicle lanes) 10 ft sidewalks (outside the compressive plate girder) or total 62 ft
clearance=above 83.5 ft towers
below=deck is 40.1 ft above Emsworth Dam normal pool level (710 ft above sea level)
traffic=
open=June 17, 1926Infobox_Bridge
bridge_name=Ninth Street Bridge

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caption=From south bank of the Allegheny, looking NE, oblique view of roadway and south tower, showing eyebar links for main suspenders and roadway suspenders, as well as main compressive stiffening girders dividing roadway from sidewalks
official_name=Rachel Carson Bridge
carries=Ninth Street
mainspan=410 ft (xxx m)
length= 840 ft spans (xxx m) (main and 2 215 side spans) 995 ft with approaches (xxx m)
width=38 ft roadway (formerly 2 vehicle, 2 tramway tracks, now 2 wide vehicle lanes) 10 ft sidewalks (outside the compressive plate girder) or total 62 ft
clearance=above 78 ft towers
below=deck is 40.3 ft above Emsworth Dam normal pool level (710 ft above sea level)
traffic=
open=26 November, 1926The Three Sisters are three very similar self-anchored suspension bridges spanning the Allegheny River in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Designed by the Allegheny County Department of Public Works, they were all built in a four year period, from 1924 to 1928, by the American Bridge Company, replacing earlier bridges of various designs at the same sites. Their construction was mandated by the War Department, citing navigable river clearance concerns. They are constructed of steel, and use steel eyebars in lieu of cables. They span the Allegheny at 6th, 7th, and 9th streets in downtown Pittsburgh, running generally north/south. The bridges have been given formal names to honor important Pittsburgh residents:
* Roberto Clemente (Sixth Street Bridge)
* Andy Warhol (Seventh Street Bridge)
* Rachel Carson (Ninth Street Bridge)

The Three Sisters are historically significant because they are the only trio of nearly identical bridges, as well as the first self-anchored suspension spans, built in the United States. They are among the only surviving examples of large eyebar chain suspension bridges in America, and furthermore, unusual for having been erected using cantilever methods. The bridges’ design was viewed as a creative response to the political, commercial, and aesthetic concerns of Pittsburgh in the 1920s.

The bridges were designed under the auspices of the Allegheny Department of Public Works, by T. J. Wilkerson, consulting engineer; Vernon R. Covell, chief engineer; A. D. Nutter, design engineer; and Stanley L. Roush, architect. The American Bridge Company built the superstructure; while the Foundation Company built the substructure.All three bridges are owned by Allegheny County.

History

Like New York City residents, Pittsburghers are quite enamoured of suspension bridges in general and some of the country's earliest and finest examples can be found in the southwestern Pennsylvania area. From 1926 through 1931, four suspension bridges were constructed across the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers. The fourth bridge (not covered in this article) is a wire cable bridge carrying South Tenth Street across the Monongahela.

The "Three Sisters Bridges" represent an adaptive engineering design response to political and technical concerns. County engineers successfully maneuvered around federally-mandated clearances, aesthetic and financial considerations raised by local agencies and the lack of adequate anchorage points along the river banks. They were the first self-anchored suspension bridges built in the United States. The design’s deck- stiffening girder provided compressive support while lowering visual barriers between Pittsburgh and the historically distinct North side (formerly Allegheny City), annexed in 1907 in a contentious fight.

It may or may not be a coincidence that American Bridge Company the builder and steel supplier for these three bridges, is headquartered nearby. as was the Foundation Company which had the pier/abutment masonry contract. Local election campaigns during the period highlighted the intent to use local suppliers and labour.

Engineering background

The above is a portion of the in the 1990s. The full diagram includes the following text:

:"A suspension bridge works by hanging a roadway from cables or chains under tension. Though a few unstiffened suspension bridges exist, a longitudinal stiffening truss or girder is usually added to prevent excessive movement of the deck. The cables pass over towers and are anchored at both ends. Conventional suspension bridges use massive concrete or rock anchorages to resist the cable’s tension. In self-anchored suspension bridges, however, the cables are fastened to both ends of the longitudinal girders. These girders are therefore compression struts in addition to stiffening the roadway.":"Because each of Pittsburgh's Three Sisters appears to be a seif-contained unit not dependent on the river banks for anchorage, a debate ensued among engineers whether these structures were cantilevers rather than suspension bridges. While current wisdom holds them to be the latter, the erection procedure shows how each bridge was built in halves toward the center. Temporary diagonal struts between chain and deck provided shear resistance turning each incomplete half into a trussed cantilever arm. These struts 'freed themselves' when the halves were jacked together and connected to form a suspension bridge."

Political background

Note that a large driving force for these bridges all being done at once was that the predecessor bridges were all not in compliance with War department restrictions on bridges crossing navigable waters (of which the Allegheny and Monongahela, not to mention the Ohio, included)... these restrictions governed minimum span widths over channels and minimum clearances (page 19 of the Haer record [1]

The previous bridges were all owned by private companies, established to build bridges and pay them off via tolls collected. Some controversy ensued around whether public entities could take bridges or bridge rights of way away from private companies if the companies had retired their construction loans (several of the companies in the area were paying 15% dividends yearly to stock holders as the bridges were quite profitable, even with tolls at 1 cent per man and free for women)

At some point, the public supported a "free bridges" movement that supported government buying out the bridge companies and abolishing tolls. Between that and the War department ruling that government owned bridges would not need to be corrected as quickly, the bridge companies were willing to sell and did so before 1910. The County (rather than City or State) eventually ended up as owners, buying the companies out at fair market value.

But of course, now government had to deal with the problem of non compliance when the war department raised it again at the end of the 1910 decade. Through the teens and early 20s bond issues were floated before the voters to finance replacement but were repeatedly voted down. The HAER source describes the attitude of voters as seeing public works as a source of corruption, especially at the county level.

In 1924, voters finally approved a 29.2M bond issue at the county level to improve bridges and municipal structures. Several proposals were floated for lift bridges of various sorts, including a scheme to raise the existing bridge on mechanical jacks, but the War Department did not approve, insisting on a failure proof means of clearance. The Seventh Street Bridge was razed in 1924, and the War Department forced the razing of the 9th as well, despite the inconvenience to the city.

After much design work, two truss bridges at 6th and 9th and a cantilever bridge at 7th were approved, and submitted to the Metropolitan Art Commission, a forgotten body that had approval rights for any bridge over 25,000 USD in the City of Pittsburgh. Expecting a rubber stamp, contracts were let, but to everyone's shock, the commission vetoed the designs as unaesthetic, preferring suspension bridges. But shoreline clearances were tight and two of the older suspension bridges had experienced problems with anchorages shifting due to inability to secure them. It is not clear who exactly suggested the self anchoring suspension bridge design finally chosen, the only precedent known at that time was a 1915 bridge over the Rhine at Cologne the Deutzer Hängebrücke.

However, by 1922 one of the better known advisors on cantilever and suspension bridge structures noted the peculiar strengths represented in the Cologne bridge’s design. David B. Steinman’s running dispute with J. A. L. Waddell about the relative costs of suspension and cantilever bridges continued a debate with roots in the Quebec Bridge collapse. The 1907 construction disaster, accompanied by the 1916 accident during a second attempt, heightened a growing preference for suspension bridges. In light of the popular and engineering support for suspension structures, Steinman’s first edition of "A Practical Treatise on Suspension Bridges" fed a growing demand for technical information about components such as eye-bars and stiffening systems. Steinman’s notoriety and the fact that his book was reviewed in the engineering press make it likely that Allegheny County’s engineers could have examined the first edition of this book.

ee also

*List of crossings of the Allegheny River
*Coraopolis Bridge

External links

* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/S?pp/hh:@FIELD(SUBJ+@od1(+self+anchored+suspension+bridges+)) search] all 4 HAER collections using "self anchored suspension bridges" term
* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=hhdatapage&fileName=pa/pa3800/pa3845/data/hhdatapage.db&recNum=0 report] HAER "Three Sisters Bridges, Spanning Allegheny River at Sixth, Seventh & Ninth Streets, Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, PA" 43 pages. Some material in this article was adapted from this (public domain) work.
* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=hhsheet&action=browse&fileName=pa/pa3600/pa3659/sheet/browse.db&recNum=0&itemLink=&title2=Three+Sisters+Bridges,+Sixth+Street+Bridge,+Spanning+Allegheny+River+at+Sixth+Street,+Pittsburgh,+Allegheny+County,+PA&displayType=1&maxCols=2 Drawings] From Historic American Engineering Record
* [http://pghbridges.com/pittsburghW/ Pittsburgh West] section of "Bridges and Tunnels of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, from pghbridges.com
* [http://pghbridges.com/articles/fieldnote_sisters.htm Field Notes] Details of eyebar layering, construction, dimensional notes, a very thorough survey. From pghbridges.com
* [http://www.bridgemeister.com/pic.php?pid=158 Three Sisters] entry at BridgeMeister.com
* [http://maps.google.com/?ll=40.444269,-80.000982&spn=0.011725,0.016072&t=h Google Map link] showing all 3 bridges

Roberto Clemente Bridge (Sixth Street Bridge)

*
* [http://pghbridges.com/pittsburghW/0584-4477/sixth_st_br.htm entry] at pghbridges.com
* [http://www.bridgemeister.com/bridge.php?bid=158 entry] at BridgeMeister.com
* [http://www.toptown.com/hp/66/Clemente/bridgerenamed.htm August 1998] press release about renaming to Roberto Clemente Bridge

Andy Warhol Bridge (Seventh Street Bridge)

*
* [http://pghbridges.com/pittsburghW/0584-4477/seventh_st_br.htm entry] at pghbridges.com
* [http://www.bridgemeister.com/bridge.php?bid=148 entry] at BridgeMeister.com

Rachel Carson Bridge (Ninth Street Bridge)

*
* [http://pghbridges.com/pittsburghW/0584-4477/ninth_st_br.htm entry] at pghbridges.com
* [http://www.bridgemeister.com/bridge.php?bid=150 entry] at BridgeMeister.com

Crossings navbox
structure = Bridges
place = Allegheny River
bridge = Three Sisters Bridges
Roberto Clemente Bridge
Andy Warhol Bridge
Rachel Carson Bridge
bridge signs =
upstream = Fort Wayne Railroad Bridge
upstream signs =
downstream = Fort Duquesne Bridge
downstream signs =