- Forensic identification
Forensic Identification is the application of forensic science and technology to identify specific objects from the
trace evidence they leave, often at acrime scene or the scene of an accident. Forensic means "for the courts".Personal Identification
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People can be identified by theirfingerprint s. We know this due to the philosophy of Friction Ridge Identification which states: "Friction ridge identification is established through the agreement of friction ridge formations, in sequence, having sufficient uniqueness to individualize". Friction ridge identification is also governed by four premises or statements of fact:
* 1. Friction ridges develop on the fetus in their definitive form prior to birth.
* 2. Friction ridges are persistent throughout life except for permanent scarring, disease or decomposition after death.
* 3. Friction ridge paths and the details in small areas of friction ridges are unique and never repeated.
* 4. Overall friction ridge patterns vary within limits which allow for classification.People can also be identified from traces of their DNA by
DNA fingerprinting , from their teeth or bite byforensic odontology , from a photograph or a video recording byfacial recognition system s, from the video recording of their walk bygait analysis , from an audio recording byvoice analysis , from their handwriting by handwriting analysis, from the content of their writings by their writing style (eg. typical phrases, factual bias, and/or misspellings of words), or from other traces using otherbiometric techniques.Product Identification
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Firearm s can be identified byballistics from the marks on thebullet s they fired and on the bullet cartridges.
*Document s are characterized by the composition of theirpaper andink .
* Typewriters can be identified by minor variations of positioning and wear of their letters.
* Paper shredders can be potentially identified in a similar way, by spacing and wear of their blades.
* Color copiers and maybe some colorcomputer printer s steganographically embed their identification number to some printouts as a countermeasure of currency forgeries.
*Copier s andcomputer printer s can be potentially identified by the minor variants of the way they feed the paper through the printing mechanism, leavingbanding artifacts. [ [http://news.uns.purdue.edu/UNS/html4ever/2004/041011.Delp.forensics.html Printer forensics to aid homeland security, tracing counterfeiters ] ] [ [http://dsc.discovery.com/news/briefs/20041011/printer.html Discovery Channel :: News :: Computer Printers Can Catch Terrorists ] ] Analysis of thetoner s is also used. [ [http://www.denison.edu/chem/DCS/journal/_pellettv1n1.html Chemistry Homepage - Denison University ] ]Networks
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Social networks can be discovered bynetwork analysis of banking, telecommunication and postal records.
* Radiotransceiver s can be potentially identified by minute variations of their output signal.
* Cars can be automatically found on CCTV records byautomatic number plate recognition .
* Computers connected to theInternet can often be identified by theirIP address orMAC address .Applications
Sometimes,
manufacturer s andfilm distributor s may intentionally leave subtle forensic markings on their products to identify them in case of piracy or involvement in a crime. ("Cf."watermark ,digital watermark ,steganography .)ee also
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Forensic anthropology
*Forensic dentistry (odontology)
* Biometric identification
*International Association for Identification
*Canadian Identification Society
*Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners
*Computer forensics
*Data remanence
*Information forensics
*Mass surveillance
*Privacy
*Surveillance References
External links
* [http://www.onin.com/fp/ Forensic Fingerprinting]
* [http://www.cis-sci.ca Canadian Identification Society]
* [http://dna.pardus.hr/ Forensic DNA Fingerprinting]
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