Gambela, Ethiopia

Infobox Settlement
official_name = Gambela
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pushpin_label_position =right
pushpin_mapsize = 300
pushpin_map_caption =Location in Ethiopia
subdivision_type = Country
subdivision_type1 = Region
subdivision_name =‎ Ethiopia
subdivision_name1 = Gambela Region
subdivision_type2 = Zone
subdivision_name2 = Administrative Zone 1
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population_as_of= 2005
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population_total = 31,282 (est)
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timezone = EAT
utc_offset = +3
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latd=8|latm=15|lats=|latNS=N
longd=34|longm=35|longs=|longEW=E
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elevation_m = 526
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Gambela is a city in Ethiopia and the capital of the Gambela Region or "kilil". Located in Administrative Zone 1, at the confluence of the Baro River and its tributary the Jajjaba, the city has a latitude and longitude of coord|8|15|N|34|35|E and an elevation of 526 meters.

Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, Gambela has an estimated total population of 31,282 of whom 16,163 were males and 15,119 were females. [ [http://www.csa.gov.et/text_files/2005_national_statistics.htm CSA 2005 National Statistics] , Table B.4] According to the 1994 national census, its total population was 18,263 of whom 9852 were males and 8411 were females.

Gambela's population is mostly Anuak and Nuer people, each group having their own market. The town also boasts an airport (ICAO code HAGM, IATA GMB) and is near the Gambela National Park.

History

Gambela was founded because of its location on the Baro, a tributary of the Nile, which was seen by both the British and Ethiopia as an excellent highway for exporting coffee and other goods from the fertile Ethiopian Highlands to Sudan and Egypt. Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia granted Britain use of a port along the Baro May 15, 1902, and in 1907 the port and a customs station were founded. A shipping service run by Sudanese Railways Corporation linked Khartoum with Gambela, a distance of 1,366 kilometers. According to Richard Pankhurst, by the mid-1930s boats sailed twice a month during the rainy season, taking seven days downstream and eleven upstream. [Richard Pankhurst, "An Economic History of Ethiopia" (Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie University Press, 1968), p. 304.]

The Regent Ras Tafari (the later Emperor Haile Selassie), beginning on 9 July 1927, granted a number of concessions to T. Zervos and A. Danalis to construct a road 180 kilometers in length to connect Gambela with the towns of Metu and Gore. [Pankhurst, "Economic History", pp. 290f]

Gambela became part of Italian East Africa in 1936, and the shipping service suspended when the steamer, and the British resident, left Gambela 14 October 1936. During their occupation, the Italians built a road from Gambela to Nekemte between 1936 and 1940. Gambela was taken from the Italians by the 2/6 King's African Rifles on 3 February 1941. [http://130.238.24.99/library/resources/dossiers/local_history_of_ethiopia/g/ORTGAM.pdf "Local History in Ethiopia"] (pdf) The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 29 January 2008)]

Lij Tewodros, a son of Lij Iyasu, surfaced in the Gambela area in May 1941 proclaiming himself Emperor. His insurrection was put down by Belgian Congo troops before they left the area in February 1942.

A new Anglo-Ethiopian treaty was signed on 19 December, 1944 which virtually eliminated British privileges, but the Gambela enclave continued. The Ethiopian government gradually increased its control over the enclave: outlawing the Maria Theresa Thaler as legal tender, requiring all merchants to obtain passports in person in Addis Ababa, and in 1951 informing the British resident, Captain Dribble, that he could no longer judge or imprison anyone. When he departed 30 October 1954, the end of the enclave was in sight. The enclave was still held by the Sudanese when they achieved independence, but they did not agree to hand the enclave back to Ethiopia until 15 October 1956. The port was closed during the Derg era, and as of 2005 it remains closed due to tension between the Sudan People's Liberation Army and the Ethiopian government, though there are hopes to reopen the port.

The Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front announced that they had gained control of Gambela by 27 May 1991.

On December 13 2003, in an apparent reprisal for a series of ambushes of highlander civilians, 30 Ethiopian soldiers and highlander civilians launched a brutal attack on Gambela's Anuak population. Human Rights Watch has estimated that 424 people were killed. [ [http://hrw.org/reports/2005/ethiopia0305/4.htm Human Rights' Watch website] ] .

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