Illegal per se

Illegal per se

The term illegal "per se" means that the act is inherently illegal. Thus, an act is illegal without extrinsic proof of any surrounding circumstances such as scienter or other defenses. Acts are made illegal "per se" by statute, constitution, or case law.

Drunk driving

Many drunk driving laws make driving with a blood alcohol content over a certain limit (such as 0.05% or 0.08%) an act which is illegal "per se".

Antitrust

In the United States, illegal "per se" often refers to categories of anticompetitive behavior in antitrust law conclusively presumed to be an "unreasonable restraint on trade" and thus anticompetitive. The United States Supreme Court has, in the past, determined activities such as price fixing, retail price maintenance, geographic market division, group boycotts, and tying arrangements to be illegal "per se" regardless of the reasonableness of such actions. Traditionally, illegal "per se" anti-trust acts describe horizontal market arrangements among competitors.

The illegal "per se" category can trace its origins in the 1899 Supreme Court case "Addyston Pipe & Steel Co. v. U. S.", 175 U.S. 211 (1899).

A number of cases have subsequently raised doubts about the validity of the illegal "per se" rule. Under modern Antitrust theories, the traditionally illegal "per se" categories create more of a presumption of unreasonableness. [See, for example, "Broadcast Music, Inc. v. Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc.", 441 U.S. 1 (1979); "Nat'l Collegiate Athletic Ass'n v. Board of Regents", 468 U.S. 85, 98 (1984); "Northwest Wholesale Stationers, Inc. v. Pacific Stationery & Printing Co.", 472 U.S. 284, 289 (1985); and "FTC v. Indiana Federation of Dentists", 476 U.S. 447 (1986).] The court carefully narrowed the "per se" treatment and began issuing guidelines. Courts and agencies seeking to apply the "per se" rule must:
# show "the practice facially appears to be one that would always or almost always tend to restrict competition and decrease output";
# show that the practice is not "one designed to 'increase economic efficiency and render markets more, rather than less, competitive'";
# carefully examine market conditions; and
# absent good evidence of anticompetitive behavior, avoid broadening "per se" treatment to new or innovative business relationships.

ee also

* Negligence per se
* Malum in se
* Rule of reason
* Strict liability

References


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