2002 Mombasa attacks

Coordinates: 4°03′00″S 39°39′58″E / 4.05°S 39.666°E / -4.05; 39.666

2002 Mombasa attacks
Arkia had two Boeing 757 at the time of the attack
The attack site Location of Mombasa in Kenya
Location	Mombasa, Kenya
Date	November 28, 2002
Target	Israelis; hotel and plane
Attack type	car bomb, surface-to-air missile
Death(s)	13 victims (3 Israelis, 10 Kenyans) + 3 suicide bombers[1]
Injured	80

The 2002 Mombasa attacks refer to an Israeli-owned hotel and a plane belonging to an Israeli airline in Mombasa, Kenya that were targeted on 28 November 2002. A red all-terrain vehicle crashed through a barrier outside the Paradise Hotel and blew up when it hit the lobby. Also two surface-to-air missiles were fired at an Israeli charter plane, but they missed. Mombasa, on Kenya's Indian Ocean coast, is a popular destination for foreign visitors and the hotel was frequented mainly by Israeli tourists.^[2] Paradise Hotel was the only Israeli-owned hotel in the Mombasa area.^[3]

The attacks

Hotel bombing

The blast occurred just after some 60 visitors had checked into the hotel, all of them from Israel, hotel officials said. 13 were killed and 80 injured . Ten Kenyans died, nine of whom were employed by the hotel, most of them were said to be traditional dancers who came to welcome the 140 guests arriving from Israel by state-chartered jet and three Israelis, two of whom were children. In an overnight operation that went on into the early hours, four Israeli military Hercules planes with teams of doctors and psychologists flew into Mombasa and evacuated injured Israeli tourists and all those who wanted to leave.^[2]

Plane attack

Main article: Arkia Israel Airlines Flight 582

Two Strela 2 missiles were fired during take-off, but missed the plane

Almost simultaneously, two shoulder-launched Strela 2 (SA-7) surface-to-air missiles were fired at another chartered Boeing 757 airliner owned by Israel-based Arkia Airlines as it took off from Moi International Airport. The Arkia charter company had a regular weekly service flying tourists between Tel Aviv and Mombasa. Kenyan police discovered a missile launcher and two missile casings in the Changamwe area of Mombasa, about two kilometres (1.25 miles) from the airport.

Countermeasures

It is believed that Israeli airline El Al uses an infrared countermeasure system - once used by the British military in Northern Ireland^[4] - that interferes with the SAM's seeker system, making it less accurate. It is not known whether such a system was used on the Arkia flight.^[4] However Arkia had a contract with the Israeli government, and one of its two Boeing 757 planes had earlier that year flown Prime Minister Ariel Sharon to Washington.^[1] It is not known if this plane in Kenya was the same plane that transported Ariel Sharon, but it has been speculated that there could have been "some sort of antimissile technology aboard the plane"^[1]. Reports from passengers tended to confirm the idea that some sort of antimissile defence system had been deployed; eyewitnesses reported seeing a small explosion above one of the plane's wings, suggesting that decoy flares had been fired.^[1]

The pilots planned on an emergency landing in Nairobi after seeing the two missiles streak past them, but decided to continue to Israel. The airliner landed at Ben Gurion Airport in Tel Aviv about five hours later, escorted by Israeli F-15 fighter jets.^[5]

Forewarnings

Sheikh Omar Bakri Mohammed, leader of the London-based Islamic organisation Al Muhajiroun, said that warnings had appeared on the Internet. “Militant groups who sympathise with Al-Qaeda warned one week ago that there would be an attack on Kenya and they mentioned Israelis,” he said.^[6]

The Australian government issued a warning of a "possible risk of terrorist attacks against sites in Kenya, particularly in Nairobi and Mombasa" two weeks prior to the bombing. It advised Australian tourists to defer all non-essential travel to Mombasa, and those who were already there were told that they should leave. According to the Sydney Morning Herald, the information came from British intelligence sources and was said to have been passed on to other governments, including Israel, as a matter of course. Germany, which also received the warning, took it seriously enough to warn its citizens.

Initially, Israeli government spokesmen denied that such a warning had been received. But four days after the blast, Brigadier-General Yossi Kuperwasser admitted that Israeli military intelligence were aware of a threat in Kenya, but that it was not specific enough. Former Mossad head Danny Yatom took a similar line, saying that Israel got so many terror warnings they were not taken seriously.^[5]

Responsibility

Lebanese group take responsibility

In Lebanon, a previously unknown group called the Army of Palestine has said it carried out the attacks and said it wanted the world to hear the "voice of the refugees" on the 55th anniversary of the partition of Palestine. The United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine of 29 November 1947 called for the division of Palestine into Jewish and Arab states. The Palestinians and other Arabs did not accept the partition.^[2][7]

Washington condemned the attacks: "Today's attacks underscore the continuing willingness of those opposed to peace to commit horrible crimes," President George W Bush said "The United States remains firmly committed, with its partners around the world, to the fight against terror and those who commit these heinous acts. "Bush urged all "those who seek peace... to dismantle the infrastructure of terror".^[2]

Named suspects

On June 22, 2006, the United States Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, Jendayi Frazer, told the Somaliland Times that the US was asking for the assistance of the Islamic Courts Union in apprehending suspects in attacks on East African embassies in 1998 and the Paradise Hotel in Kenya in 2002.^[8] She listed the following individuals by name and nationality:

• Fazul Abdullah Mohamed, Comoros
• Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan, Kenya
• Abu Taha al-Sudan, Sudan

On 20 December 2006, Salad Ali Jelle, Defence Minister of Somalia's Transitional Federal Government, said that one of Washington's suspects, Abu Taha al-Sudan, was an Islamic Courts Union leader fighting against the Transitional Federal Government in the 2006 Battle of Baidoa.^[9]

Efforts to counter proliferation of missiles

Since the failed airliner attacks efforts to counter proliferation of shoulder-fired missile (MANPADS) through the elimination of excess or illicit stocks became a priority of the U.S. Government—a priority that was reinforced by the 2003 FBI sting operation in Newark and attacks on aircraft in Iraq.^[10]

Reactions

•  UN – The United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1450 condemning the attacks.
•  Israel – Israel's Foreign Minister Benyamin Netanyahu called the attacks a "grave escalation of terror against Israel".^[11]
•  Kenya – The Kenyan government described the attacks as "senseless terrorism" against Israeli interests. It also condemned the perpetrators for using Kenyan soil to carry out their activities.^[12]
•  United Kingdom – UK Foreign Secretary Jack Straw expressed his "utter condemnation" of a suicide bomb attack on an Israeli-owned hotel in Kenya.^[13]
•  United States – Secretary of State Colin Powell said "We condemn in the strongest terms the horrific terrorist bombing earlier today in the Paradise Hotel near Mombasa Kenya that killed at least eleven and wounded dozens -- both Kenyans and Israelis. We also condemn in the strongest terms the terrorist shooting at a polling station in Beit Shean in which three Israelis were killed and many more injured."^[14]

See also

• Flight Guard

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Unanswered questions regarding Kenya terror attacks. World Socialist Web Site. 5 December 2002.
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Israel evacuates tourists from Kenya. BBC News. 29 November 2002.
3. ^ Kenyan hotel staff unpaid. BBC News. 5 December 2002.
4. ^ ^{a b} The threat from portable missiles. BBC News. 29 November 2002.
5. ^ ^{a b} UK condemns Kenya bomb attack. BBC News. 28 November 2002.
6. ^ "Warnings were on Internet chat rooms, says cleric". Kenya Broadcasting Corporation. 28 November 2002. http://www.kbc.co.ke/story.asp?id=14370. 
7. ^ Al-Qaeda suspected in Kenya attacks. BBC News. 28 November 2002.
8. ^ "US Seeks Islamic Courts’ Help To Catch Somali Extremists". Somaliland Times. 22 June 2006. http://www.somalilandtimes.net/sl/2005/231/4.shtml. 
9. ^ "Clashes broaden between Somali Islamist and government troops". Independent Online (South Africa). 20 December 2006. http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=iol1166611493261C422. 
10. ^ "Nonproliferation, Anti-terrorism, Demining, and Related Programs" (PDF). Federal government of the United States. 4 February 2004. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/28971.pdf. 
11. ^ "At least eight killed in Mombasa hotel blast in Kenya". Xinhua News Agency. 28 November 2002. 
12. ^ "This is senseless terrorism, Govt says". Kenya Broadcasting Corporation. November 28, 2002. http://www.kbc.co.ke/story.asp?id=14373. 
13. ^ "Kenya attacks: TV and radio reports". BBC News. 29 November 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2529777.stm. 
14. ^ "Powell Condemns Terror Attacks". GlobalSecurity.org. 29 November 2002. http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/library/news/2002/11/sec-021129-usia02.htm. 

External links

• After Blast, Kenya Reviews Qaeda's Trail in East Africa, The New York Times, December 1, 2002
• ATTACKS IN MOMBASA: Kenyans Hunting for Clues; Bombing Toll Rises to 13, The New York Times, November 30, 2002
• THE GRIEVERS: Israelis Return in Trauma From Supposed Haven, The New York Times, November 30, 2002
• INVESTIGATION: U.S. Suspects Qaeda Link to Bombing in Mombasa, The New York Times, November 30, 2002
• Source of Bombs? Kenyans Look North, The New York Times, November 30, 2002
• AT THE SITE: Survivor Saw Bombers' Race to Death, The New York Times, November 30, 2002
• US Seeks Islamic Courts’ Help To Catch Somali Extremists, Somaliland Times, June 22, 2006