- Kuwaiti oil fires
The Kuwaiti oil fires were a result of the
scorched earth policy ofIraq i military forces retreating fromKuwait in 1991 after conquering the country but being driven out by Coalition military forces ("seeGulf War ").The resulting fires burned out of control because of the dangers of sending in firefighting crews.
Land mines had been placed in areas around the oil wells, and a military cleaning of the areas was necessary before the fires could be put out. Somewhere around convert|6|Moilbbl|m3|-4 of oil were lost each day. Eventually, privately contracted crews extinguished the fires, at a total cost ofUS$ 1.5 billion to Kuwait. [cite book |last=Husain |first=T. |title=Kuwaiti Oil Fires: Regional Environmental Perspectives |year=1995 |publisher=BPC Wheatons Ltd |location=Oxford |pages=68] By that time, however, the fires had burned for months, causing widespread pollution. The byproducts of thepetroleum burn caused pollution to the soil and air, and the oil fires have been linked in the popular imagination with what was later calledGulf War Syndrome . Whether this syndrome has been caused by the oil fires, by chemical attack, or other causes has not been determined, and the longterm environmental effects of the fires have yet to be fully understood.During
Operation Desert Storm , Dr.S. Fred Singer debatedCarl Sagan on the impact of the Kuwaiti petroleum fires on theABC News program "Nightline". Sagan said we know from the nuclear winter investigation that thesmoke would loft into the upper atmosphere and that he believed the net effects would be very similar to the explosion of the Indonesian volcano Tambora in 1815, which resulted in the year 1816 being known as the "Year Without a Summer ", in massive agricultural failures, in very serious human suffering and, in some cases, starvation. He predicted the same for south Asia, and perhaps for a significant fraction of the northern hemisphere as well as a result. Singer, on the other hand, said that calculations showed that the smoke would go to an altitude of about convert|3000|ft|m and then be rained out after about three to five days and thus the lifetime of the smoke would be limited. [cite episode
title = FIRST ISRAELI SCUD FATALITIES OIL FIRES IN KUWAIT
series = Nightline
serieslink = Nightline (US news program)
network = ABC
airdate = 1991-01-22
transcript = yes ] In retrospect, we now know that smoke from the Kuwait Oil Fires dominated the weather pattern throughout the Persian Gulf and surrounding region during 1991, and that lower atmospheric wind blew the smoke along the eastern half of the Arabian Peninsula, and cities likeDhahran ,Riyadh andBahrain experienced days with smoke filled skies and carbon fallout. [cite web | title=The Meteorological Effects of the Kuwait Oil Fires | url=http://as.wm.edu/Abstracts/PatrickDowling.pdf | author=Patrick K. Dowling]The companies responsible for extinguishing the fires are
Red Adair Company (now sold off toGlobal Industries ofLouisiana ), Boots and Coots (now Boots and Coots/IWC), Wild Well Control,Safety Boss , Cudd Well/Pressure Control, Neal Adams Firefighters, and Kuwait Wild Well Killers. All the wells were eventually fully extinguished and brought back under control.Motives
By the eve of the Iraqi invasion, Kuwait had set production quotas to almost convert|1.9|Moilbbl/d|m3/d, which coincided with a sharp drop in the price of oil. By the summer of 1990, Kuwaiti overproduction had become a serious point of contention with Iraq, Some analysts have speculated that one of
Saddam Hussein 's main motivations in invading Kuwait was to punish the ruling al-Sabah family in Kuwait for not stopping its policy of overproduction, as well as his reasoning behind the destruction of said wells.cite web
url = http://www.american.edu/TED/kuwait.htm
title = The Economic and Environmental Impact of the Gulf War on Kuwait and the Persian Gulf
accessdate = 2007-02-14
date =2000-12-01
work = The Trade & Environment Database
publisher =American University ]Environmental impact
Nearly 700 oil wells were set ablaze by the retreating Iraqi army and the fires were not fully extinguished until
November 6 1991 , eight months after the end of the war. The fires consumed an estimated six million barrels of oil daily. Their immediate consequence was a dramatic decrease in air quality, causing respiratory problems for many Kuwaitis. The sabotage of the oil wells also impacted the desert environment, which has a limited natural cleansing ability. Unignited oil from the wells formed about 300 oil lakes that contaminated around 40 million tons of sand and earth. Cleaning efforts led by the Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and the Arab Oil Co., who have tested a number of technologies including the use of petroleum-degrading bacteria, produced significant results. In fact, vegetation in most of the contaminated areas adjoining the oil lakes began recovering by 1995, but the dry climate has also partially solidified some of the lakes. Over time the oil has continued to sink into the sand, with as yet unknown consequences for Kuwait's precious groundwater resources. [cite news
author = Heather MacLeod McClain
title = Environmental impact: Oil fires and spills leave hazardous legacy
url = http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/gulf.war/legacy/environment/index.html
work =CNN
year = 2001
accessdate = 2007-02-03]Popular culture
The fires were the subject of a 1992
IMAX documentary film , "Fires of Kuwait ", which was nominated for anAcademy Award . The film includes footage of the Hungarian team using their jet turbine extinguisher. The Kuwaiti oil fires are also featured inWerner Herzog 's 1992 film "Lessons of Darkness ". The oil fires and black rain were also featured in the 2005 film "Jarhead", as well as the video gameEternal Darkness . There was also a flyover of the oil fires in the movie "Baraka".References
External links
* [http://www.gulflink.osd.mil/owf_ii/owf_ii_tabc.htm Fighting the Oil Well Fires]
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