African Portuguese

African Portuguese (Português Africano in Portuguese) is a term for the varieties of Portuguese spoken in Africa. Portuguese is a post-colonial language in Africa and one of the official languages of the African Union and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). What makes these varieties of Portuguese logical to group together separately from those of Brazil and Portugal is their common origin in Subsaharan Africa's colonial history and the fact that African Portuguese co-exists with Portuguese-based creoles (Upper Guinea and Gulf of Ginuea Creoles) and autochthonous African languages (Bantu and Niger-Congo families).

African Portuguese experiences pressure and possibly competition from French and English. Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau and São Tomé e Principe are all member-states of La Francophonie and Mozambique is a member-state of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Geographic Distribution

In Sub-saharan Africa, the nation-states with Portuguese as an official language are referred to by the acronym PALOP ( _pt. Países Africanos de Língua Oficial Portuguesa) and include the following: Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique and São Tomé e Principe. In these Countries African Portuguese is a primarily urban language having a reduced presence in rural areas.

South Africa also has approximately 1,000,000 speakers of Portuguese who are largely white Angolans and Mozambicans who emigrated after independence in the late 1970s. The civil wars in Angola and Mozambique have resulted in more recent migrations of refugees (some of whom speak Portuguese) to neighbouring countries such as Democratic Republic of Congo, Namibia and South Africa. The return of Afro-Brazilian ex-slaves to Africa also increased Portuguese-speaking population, especially Nigeria, Congo, South Africa, and PALOP (mostly Angola and Mozambique).

Senegal has its own Lusophone connection with a significant community of Cape Verdeans in Dakar and speakers of Guinea-Bissau Creole in its southern region of Casamance.

Equatorial Guinea was at one point a Portuguese colony, is home to a Portuguese-based creole, and is an observer nation in the CPLP. The language is now official in Equatorial Guinea.

The Role of Portuguese in Africa

As an official language, Portuguese serves in the realms of administration, education, law, politics and media. Given the existing linguistic diversty of the PALOPs, African Portuguese also serves the purpose of lingua franca allowing communication between fellow citizens of different ethno-linguistic backgrounds. It is in this way that each country has started to develop a national culture.

Additionally, Portuguese connects the PALOP countries to each other, to Portugal, East Timor and, most interestingly, to fellow former colony Brazil which pursues its own relations with PALOP independently of Portugal. As the number of L1 and L2 speakers of Portuguese continues to increase, so too will the role of the language grow and change. The PALOP countries will increase Portuguese fluency with expected population of 83 million in 2050 and the growth of Angolan and Mozambican expatriate populations of black, white, and mulatto descent in South Africa will also increase number of Portuguese speakers.

Music is one way in which the linguistic profiles of PALOP have increased. Many recording artists from PALOP, in addition to singing in their maternal languages, sing in Portuguese to one degree or another. The success of these artisis in the World Music industry increases international awareness of African Portuguese.

As a literary language, Portuguese has a strong role in the PALOP. Authors such as Luandino Vieira and Mia Couto (amongst many others) have made valuable contributions to lusophone literature and creating a place for the Portuguese language in the African imaginary. As with music, Lusophone African literature validates and supports emergent national varieties of Portuguese in PALOP.

Media

Portuguese is the language of Journalism (print, radio, and television) and serves as a vehicle for the dissemination of the language. Literacy being an issue, Radio serves as an important source of information for Lusophone Africans.

BBC Para Africa, RFI and RTP África are all media outlets that make a point of presenting Portuguese as an African language aside from its origins in Europe. Lusophone Africa forms an obvious market for Brazilian media.

Influence of African Portuguese

As a result of immigration to Portugal various varieties of African Portuguese have influenced contemporary speech in Portugal. In the 1970s it came from white people from the former colonies (referred to as "Retornados"). More recent immigration from the PALOPs has resulted in a visible demographic of black and brown Portuguese who have strong links to Lusophone Africa.

In Brazil, many of the indigenous African languages that influence African Portuguese had the same influence historically on the formation of Brazilian Portuguese during the colonial period, especially lexically.

Creoles

Any discussion of the role of the Portuguese language in Africa must take into account the various Portuguese creoles that have developed there. These new languages co-exist with Portuguese and, in the countries where they are spoken, form a continuum with the lexifying language.

In Cape Verde, "Crioulo levinho" refers to a variety of Cape Verdean Creole which takes on various features of Portuguese and is a result of porcesses of code switching, bilingualism, diglossia and decreolisation in the archipelago. In Sāo Tome Principe, Santomense Portuguese is a vernacular variety strongly influenced by Forro in syntax and vocabulary. Since these languages' lexicons are derived from Portuguese, even creole-speakers who don't "know" Portuguese have a passive knowledge of it.

ee also

*Angolan Portuguese
*Cape Verdean Portuguese
*Guinean Portuguese
*Mozambican Portuguese
*São Tomean Portuguese
*PALOP

External links

* [http://www.multilingual-matters.net/cilp/003/0306/cilp0030306.pdf Reflections on Language Policy in African Countries with Portuguese as an Official Language]
* [http://www.fflch.usp.br/dlcv/posgraduacao/ecl/pdf/via05/via05_10.pdf A essay on African portuguese and lusophone creoles]
* [http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01475176655936417554480/p0000019.htm Lusofonia, Africa, and Matters of Languages and Letters]