Disney Renaissance

Disney Renaissance
See also: Modern animation in the United States#The Return of Disney

The Disney Renaissance refers to an era beginning roughly in the late 1980s and ending in the late 1990s,[1][2] during which Walt Disney Animation Studios returned to making successful animated films mostly based on classic fairy tale stories, restoring public and critical interest in Disney.

The animated films released during this period include: The Little Mermaid (1989), The Rescuers Down Under (1990), Beauty and the Beast (1991), Aladdin (1992), The Lion King (1994), Pocahontas (1995), The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996), Hercules (1997), Mulan (1998) and Tarzan (1999).[2][3]

Contents

History

Before the Renaissance

During production of The Fox and the Hound in 1979, long-time animator Don Bluth left Disney, taking 11 Disney animators with him,[4] to start his own rival studio, Don Bluth Productions.[5] With 17% of the animators now gone, production on The Fox and the Hound was delayed. Don Bluth Productions produced The Secret of NIMH in 1982, and Sullivan Bluth Studios eventually became Disney's main competitor in the animation industry during the '80s and early '90s.

Disney underwent a major shakeup in the 1980s after narrowly escaping a hostile takeover attempt from Saul Steinberg. Michael Eisner, formerly of Paramount Pictures, became CEO in 1984, and he was joined by his Paramount associate Jeffrey Katzenberg, while Frank Wells, formerly of Warner Bros., became President. After the disappointing box office performance of the 1985 PG-rated feature The Black Cauldron, the future of the animation department was in jeopardy. Going against a thirty-year studio policy, the company founded a TV animation division which was much cheaper than theatrical animation. In the interest of saving what he believed to be the studio's core business, Roy E. Disney persuaded Eisner to let him supervise the animation department in the hopes of improving its fortunes.

In 1986, the Disney Studios released The Great Mouse Detective and Universal released Don Bluth's An American Tail. However, An American Tail defeated The Great Mouse Detective and became the highest-grossing film on its first release.[6] Despite this, The Great Mouse Detective was still successful enough (both critically and commercially) that it convinced Disney that there may still be a future for their animation division. Two years later, the studios released Oliver & Company and The Land Before Time on the same weekend. The latter's opening weekend gross of over $7,526,000 broke all records, becoming the top grossing opening weekend for an animated feature. The film out-grossed An American Tail and became the highest-grossing animated film at that time.[7]

In 1988, the Disney animated studio collaborated with Steven Spielberg, a long-time animation fan and producer of An American Tail and The Land Before Time, to produce Who Framed Roger Rabbit, a live action/animation hybrid which featured animated characters from the 1930s and 1940s from many different studios together. The film was a critical and commercial success, winning three Academy Awards and renewing interest in theatrical animated cartoons. Other than the film itself, Spielberg also helped Disney produce three Roger Rabbit shorts.

The Renaissance era

Disney had been developing The Little Mermaid since the 1930s and by 1988, after the success of Roger Rabbit, had decided to make it into an animated Broadway-like musical. Lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken, who worked on Broadway years earlier on productions such as Little Shop of Horrors, which was later made into a feature directed by Frank Oz, became involved in the production, writing and composing the songs and score for the film.[8] The film was released on November 17, 1989 and garnered a higher weekend gross than Don Bluth's All Dogs Go to Heaven, which opened the same weekend.[9] It went on to beat The Land Before Time's record and became the highest-grossing animated film at that time. Little Mermaid was a critical and commercial success. It won two Academy Awards, for Best Original Score and for Best Original Song ("Under the Sea"), earning an additional nomination for Best Original Song for "Kiss the Girl."[10]

The Rescuers Down Under was released one year later and is the first of three canon animated Disney sequels (the others being Fantasia 2000 and Winnie the Pooh) produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios. The Rescuers Down Under garnered much positive criticism and earned a modest box-office success, but was less successful than The Little Mermaid. There is much debate as to whether The Rescuers Down Under should be considered part of the Disney Renaissance, mostly due to the enormous discrepancy in all-time box office revenue, lack of legacy evident in the others, and as it is the only one of the ten that was neither nominated for an Academy Award nor achieved high RIAA certification on its soundtrack.

Beauty and the Beast followed in 1991, often considered one of the best films of the Disney Renaissance, and even of all Disney animated features.[11] It was the first animated film nominated for Best Picture at the Oscars, although it lost out to The Silence of the Lambs. However, the film won Best Picture (Musical or Comedy) at the Golden Globe Awards and won two Academy Awards for Best Original Song and Best Original Score.[12][13] Beauty and the Beast also received Academy Award nominations for Best Picture and Best Sound, as well as two additional nominations for Best Original Song.[14] The film was dedicated to Howard Ashman, who died earlier in the year,[15] before the film's release. It became the most successful animated feature in motion picture history up to that time, with domestic box office revenues exceeding $140 million.[15] As of 2009, Beauty and the Beast is tied with Disney/Pixar's WALL-E for the record of animated film with most Academy Award nominations, with six.

Aladdin and The Lion King followed in 1992 and 1994, respectively, with both films having the highest worldwide grosses of their respective release years.[16][17] Aladdin was the highest-grossing film in 1992 and the highest-grossing animated film up until that time, but was later surpassed by The Lion King, which became the highest-grossing animated film ever at the time and remains the highest-grossing traditionally animated film in history.[18] Along with that, the films won Academy Awards for Best Original Song and Best Original Score.[14][19] Aladdin also earned an additional Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song and nominations for Best Sound and Best Sound Effects Editing, for a total of five nominations.[14] The Lion King earned two additional Academy Award nominations for Best Original Song, giving it a total of four Academy Award nominations.[19] Howard Ashman wrote several songs for Aladdin before his death, but only three were finally used in the film. Tim Rice joined the project and completed the score and songs with Alan Menken. Tim Rice went on to collaborate with Elton John and Hans Zimmer in The Lion King.

Pocahontas and The Hunchback of Notre Dame were also box-office successes and are included in the Disney Renaissance. Pocahontas received two Academy Awards for Best Score and Best Original Song for "Colors of the Wind".[20] Both films had songs written by Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz. Disney continued on with successes from Hercules with songs by Alan Menken and David Zippel, Mulan with score by Jerry Goldsmith and songs by Matthew Wilder and David Zippel, and Tarzan with songs by Phil Collins. Tarzan won an Academy Award for Best Original Song with "You'll Be in My Heart."[21]

Post-Renaissance era

The release of Tarzan is retrospectively seen as the end of the Renaissance era. Though Disney did continue to release small successes such as Fantasia 2000, Dinosaur, The Emperor's New Groove and Brother Bear, they were all not as well-received critically or commercially as the earlier films of the 90s were, and the studio also suffered box office flops with Atlantis: The Lost Empire, Treasure Planet and Home on the Range. Lilo and Stitch was seen as the only major box office success during this time. In addition, Disney found itself facing a new more competitive period beginning with the rise of DreamWorks Animation as a potent sustained rival with its successful Shrek series.

In 1995, Disney partnered with Pixar to create Toy Story, the first fully computer-animated feature. Today many of Pixar's films have garnered the same box office results and critical acclaim that 1990s Disney Renaissance films had, such as Finding Nemo, WALL-E and Up. In 2005, Chicken Little, the Disney Studios first full CGI animated feature, received mixed reviews from critics though it performed well at the box office,[22] as did their second CGI feature in 2007, Meet the Robinsons.[23] In 2006, Disney purchased Pixar for US$7.4 billion, and promoted Pixar's co-founder John Lasseter to oversee all of Disney's animated projects. In 2008, Disney's first CGI feature made after the Pixar acquisition, Bolt, was released to critical acclaim and modest box office success.[24] Along with Princess and the Frog and Tangled, fans have been calling this period The Disney Revival.[citation needed]

With the success of Pixar, then-Disney CEO Michael Eisner decided that public tastes had changed, and that it was time to get out of hand-drawn animation altogether ending with Home on the Range.[25] However, after John Lasseter took over the animation division with the purchase of Pixar, Disney announced they would return to traditional animation with the release of The Princess and the Frog.[26]

Critical reaction

Most of the films Disney released on this era was well-received, as in the film critic site Rotten Tomatoes, the list is topped by Beauty and the Beast with 93% of positive reviews, and Pocahontas being the bottom of the pack with 56% of positive reviews.

Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic
Overall Cream of the Crop
The Little Mermaid 90% (52 reviews)[27] 86% (7 reviews)[28]  
The Rescuers Down Under 64% (50 reviews)[29] 79% (10 reviews)[30]  
Beauty and the Beast 93% (56 reviews)[31] 100% (17 reviews)[32]  
Aladdin 92% (49 reviews)[33] 92% (9 reviews)[34]  
The Lion King 89% (92 reviews)[35] 93% (13 reviews)[36] 84 (13 reviews)[37]
Pocahontas 56% (49 reviews)[38] 71% (14 reviews)[39] 58 (23 reviews)[40]
The Hunchback of Notre Dame 73% (48 reviews)[41] 60% (14 reviews)[42]  
Hercules 83% (48 reviews)[43] 75% (12 reviews)[44]  
Mulan 86% (71 reviews)[45] 69% (13 reviews)[46] 71 (24 reviews)[47]
Tarzan 88% (101 reviews)[48] 85% (27 reviews)[49] 79 (37 reviews)[50]
Average Ratings 84% 82% 73

Box office

Film Release date Box office revenue Budget Reference
Premiere General Domestic Foreign All time worldwide
The Little Mermaid November 17, 1989 November 17, 1989 $111,543,479 $99,800,000 $211,343,479 $40,000,000 [51]
The Rescuers Down Under November 16, 1990 November 16, 1990 $27,931,461 $19,500,000 $47,431,461 $37,931,000 [52]
Beauty and the Beast November 15, 1991 November 22, 1991 $171,350,553 $206,000,000 $377,350,553 $25,000,000 [53]
Aladdin November 13, 1992 November 25, 1992 $217,350,219 $286,700,000 $504,050,219 $25,000,000 [54]
The Lion King June 15, 1994 June 24, 1994 $421,138,076 $499,800,000 $920,938,076 $45,000,000 [55]
Pocahontas June 16, 1995 June 23, 1995 $141,579,773 $204,500,000 $346,079,773 $55,000,000 [56]
The Hunchback of Notre Dame June 21, 1996 June 21, 1996 $100,138,851 $225,200,000 $325,338,851 $100,000,000 [57]
Hercules June 15, 1997 June 27, 1997 $99,112,101 $234,600,000 $334,712,101 $85,000,000 [58]
Mulan June 19, 1998 June 19, 1998 $120,620,254 $183,700,000 $304,320,254 $70,000,000 ,[59][60]
#27(A)
Tarzan June 18, 1999 June 18, 1999 $171,091,819 $277,100,000 $448,191,819 $130,000,000 [61]
Total $1,489,260,286 $1,987,900,000 $3,682,660,286 $612,931,000 List indicator(s)
  • A light grey cell indicates information is not available.
  • (A) indicates the budget of the film was estimated by IMDB.

Academy Awards

Nine of the ten films in the Disney Renaissance were nominated for Academy Awards:

Year Title Oscar nominations Oscar win
1989 The Little Mermaid 3 2
1991 Beauty and the Beast 6 2
1992 Aladdin 5 2
1994 The Lion King 4 2
1995 Pocahontas 2 2
1996 The Hunchback of Notre Dame 1 0
1997 Hercules 1 0
1998 Mulan 1 0
1999 Tarzan 1 1

Soundtracks

Year Title US RIAA certification
1989 The Little Mermaid 32 6× Platinum
1991 Beauty and the Beast 19 3× Platinum
1992 Aladdin 6 3× Platinum
1994 The Lion King 1 Diamond
1995 Pocahontas 1 3× Platinum
1996 The Hunchback of Notre Dame 11 Platinum
1997 Hercules 17 Gold
1998 Mulan 25 Gold
1999 Tarzan 5 Platinum

See also

  • Waking Sleeping Beauty - a documentary film chronicling the Disney Renaissance

References

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  3. ^ Taylor, James C. (April 3, 2010). "How Broadway helped animate Disney's comeback". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2010/apr/03/entertainment/la-et-waking-disney3-2010apr03. Retrieved July 6, 2011. "The rebirth of Disney animation with such films as "The Little Mermaid," "Beauty and the Beast" and "Aladdin" is the subject of the new documentary "Waking Sleeping Beauty," but a lesser-known subtext is the role that the Broadway-style musical -- and people who came from the theater world -- played in Disney's renaissance." 
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  24. ^ http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=bolt.htm%7C Bolt's Gross Revenue
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  61. ^ "Tarzan (1999)". Box Office Mojo. http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=tarzan.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-10. 

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