Koreans in Paraguay

Infobox Ethnic group
group=Koreans in Paraguay
"Coreanos en Paraguay"
poptime=5,431 (2007)citation|url=http://mofaweb.mofat.go.kr/emate-k15/aboardmanage.nsf/viewNavCategory1PeopleArea?readform&start=1&skin=skin01&viewname=view01area&frames=1&category=구주지역|title=재외국민/단체 (Overseas citizens/groups)|publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade|publication-place=Seoul, South Korea|date=2008|accessdate=2008-09-10]
popplace=Asunción, Ciudad del Este,citation|month=December|year=1988|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+py0047)|chapter=Immigrants|title=Country Study: Paraguay|publisher=Library of Congress|publication-place=United States of America|accessdate=2008-10-02] citation|last=Lesser|first=Jeffrey|chapter=Asians in South America|url=http://www.everyculture.com/South-America/Asians-in-South-America.html|title=Countries and their Cultures|editor1-last=Ember|editor1-first=Melvin|editor2-last=Ember|editor2-first=Carol R.|publisher=Macmillan Library Reference|date=23 May, 2001|isbn=978-0028649504|accessdate=2008-10-02] Pedro Juan Caballero, Encarnacióncitation|chapter=La presencia coreana en Paraguay|title=Corea del Sur: una puerta para el Paraguay|first=Zulma|last=Espínola González|publisher=Banco Central del Paraguay|date=2002|accessdate=2008-10-02|url=http://www.bcp.gov.py/gee/investman/zeg/koreapyzeg.pdf]
langs=Korean, Spanish, Englishcitation|url=http://www.asian-efl-journal.com/conference_book_2007.swf|last=Choi|first=Jinny|chapter=English as an International Language: its power, influence, and effect on Koreans living abroad - A comparative study on language maintenance and language shift among Koreans in Paraguay and Koreans in the United States|month=May|year=2007|title=The Inaugural Global EIL Congress - English as an International Language: Setting the Standards|publisher=The Asian EFL Journal|accessdate=2008-10-02]
rels=No data
related=Korean diaspora

Koreans in Paraguay formed one of the earliest Korean diaspora communities in Latin America; however, they were always overshadowed by the larger Korean communities in neighbouring Brazil and Argentina, and since the late 1990s, their population has fallen significantly.citation|url=http://www.okf.or.kr/data/status_SA.jsp|title=재외동포현황 - 중남미 (Status of overseas compatriots - Central/South America)|publisher=Overseas Korean Foundation|date=2005|accessdate=2008-09-27]

Migration history

The first Korean immigrants to Paraguay came from Busan on a two-month journey by sea to Buenos Aires and then overland to Asunción, finally arriving on 22 April, 1965.citation|last=Park|first=Chae-soon|chapter=La emigración coreana en América Latina y sus perspectivas|title=Segundo Congreso del Consejo de Estudios Latinoamericanos de Asia y de Oceania|publisher=Latin American Studies Association of Korea|publication-place=Seoul|date=2007|url=http://www.lasak.or.kr/CELAOfiles/papers/Session3/Park%20Chae%20Soon%5BSession3-2%5D.pdf|accessdate=2008-09-27] citation|url=http://www.abc.com.py/2004-10-03/articulos/137351/piden-a-nuestro-pais-eliminar-visas|periodical=ABC Digital|publication-place=Paraguay|title=Piden a nuestro país eliminar visas|date=3 October, 2004|accessdate=2008-10-02] Exact numbers of migrants are difficult to calculate because Paraguay offered on-the-spot visas to all foreigners, and did not distinguish between those who came to settle in the country as opposed to those who intended to remain only temporarily; 120,000 Koreans arrived in Paraguay between 1975 and 1990, according to official figures, but many migrated onwards to Brazil, both legally and illegally. Paraguay's 1982 census showed 2,700 Koreans in Paraguay, but this was believed to have undercounted the actual population by as much as an order of magnitude. By 1999, South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade estimated that 10,428 Koreans resided in the country, but by just two years later, that figure fell by more than 40% to 6,190. The population continued to decline after that, though less sharply; as of 2007, Koreans in Paraguay had fallen to the fifth-largest group of Koreans in Latin America, and twenty-third largest in the world.

The early Korean migrants who settled in Paraguay engaged in a variety of agricultural and commercial work, including beekeeping and door-to-door sales of imported clothing. By the early 1980s, many were involved in importing consumer electronics as well. Some also opened convenience stores in poorer neighbourhoods; they gained attention for remaining open through the siesta, unlike many of their competitors. The second generation have largely moved away from manual labour or small retail business, and entered into the liberal professions, such as medicine, law, pharmacy, architecture, and accountancy.

Language and education

Koreans in Paraguay opened their own school to provide cultural and language education to their youth in 1972. Little language shift is observed from Korean-dominance to Spanish-dominance among members of the Korean community in Paraguay, including those born locally; this contrasts sharply with the rapid shift from Korean-dominance to English-dominance among Korean Americans, especially of the second generation. Many Koreans in Paraguay their children to study and universities in the United States and Europe; as of 2007, there were also roughly 100 Paraguay-born Koreans studying at universities in South Korea. They typically view English, rather than Spanish, as the most prestigious and economically important language to learn.

ee also

*Paraguay–South Korea relations

References