Lamiaceae

Mint family
Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Lamiaceae Lindley
Genera
See text

Lamium purpureum, showing the bilaterally symmetrical flower

The mints, taxonomically known as Lamiaceae or Labiatae, are a family of flowering plants. They have traditionally been considered closely related to Verbenaceae,^[1] but in the 1990s, phylogenetic studies suggested that many genera classified in Verbenaceae belong instead in Lamiaceae.^[2][3] The currently accepted version of Verbenaceae may not be more closely related to Lamiaceae than some of the other families in the order Lamiales.^[4] It is not yet known which of the families in Lamiales is closest to Lamiaceae.

The family has a cosmopolitan distribution.^[5] The enlarged Lamiaceae contains about 236 genera^[1] and 6,900^[5] to 7,200^[1] species. The largest genera are Salvia (900), Scutellaria (360), Stachys (300), Plectranthus (300), Hyptis (280), Teucrium (250), Vitex, (250) Thymus (220), and Nepeta (200).^[1] Clerodendrum was once a genus of over 400 species,^[1] but by 2010, it had been narrowed to about 150.^[6]

The plants are frequently aromatic in all parts and include many widely used culinary herbs, such as basil, mint, rosemary, sage, savory, marjoram, oregano, thyme, lavender, and perilla. Some are shrubs, trees, such as teak, or rarely vines. Many members of the family are widely cultivated, owing not only to their aromatic qualities but also their ease of cultivation: these plants are among the easiest plants to propagate by stem cuttings. Besides those grown for their edible leaves, some are grown for decorative foliage, such as coleus. Others are grown for food purposes, but seeds are utilized instead of leaves, such as with chia.

The original family name is Labiatae, so given because the flowers typically have petals fused into an upper lip and a lower lip. Although this is still considered an acceptable alternative name, most botanists now use the name "Lamiaceae" in referring to this family.

The leaves emerge oppositely, each pair at right angles to the previous one (called decussate) or whorled.

The stems are frequently square in cross section, but this is not found in all members of the family, and is sometimes found in other plant families.

The flowers are bilaterally symmetrical with 5 united petals, 5 united sepals. They are usually bisexual and verticillastrate (a flower cluster that looks like a whorl of flowers but actually consists of two crowded clusters).

Genera

The last revision of the entire family was published in 2004.^[1] It described and provided keys to 236 genera. These are marked with an asterisk in the list below. A few genera have been established or resurrected since 2004. These are marked with a plus sign. The remaining genera in the list are mostly of historical interest only and are from a source that includes such genera without explanation.^[7] Few of these are recognized in modern treatments of the family. Adelosa is a nomen dubium. No specimen exists and no one knows what Carl Ludwig Blume described as Adelosa in 1850.

Kew Gardens provides a list of genera that includes additional information and is easy to read.^[8] The list at the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website is frequently updated.^[9]

*Acanthomintha *Achyrospermum Acinos Acrocephalus *Acrotome *Acrymia Adelosa *Aegiphila *Aeollanthus *Agastache *Ajuga *Ajugoides *Alajja *Alvesia *Amasonia *Amethystea *Anisochilus *Anisomeles Archboldia *Asterohyptis *Ballota *Basilicum Becium *Benguellia *Blephilia *Bostrychanthera Bovonia *Brachysola *Brazoria *Bystropogon Calamintha *Callicarpa *Capitanopsis Capitanya *Caryopteris *Catoferia *Cedronella Ceratanthus *Chaiturus *Chamaesphacos *Chaunostoma *Chelonopsis *Chloanthes *Cleonia *Clerodendrum *Clinopodium *Colebrookea *Collinsonia *Colquhounia *Comanthosphace *Congea *Conradina Coridothymus *Cornutia *Craniotome

Cryphia *Cuminia *Cunila *Cyanostegia *Cyclotrichium *Cymaria *Dauphinea *Dicerandra *Dicrastylis Discretitheca Dorystoechas *Dracocephalum *Drepanocaryum *Elsholtzia *Endostemon Englerastrum *Eremostachys *Eriope *Eriophyton Eriopidion *Eriothymus Erythrochlamys Euhesperida *Eurysolen *Faradaya *Fuerstia *Galeopsis *Garrettia Geniosporum *Glechoma *Glechon *Glossocarya *Gmelina *Gomphostemma *Gontscharovia *Hanceola *Haplostachys *Haumaniastrum *Hedeoma *Hemiandra *Hemigenia *Hemiphora *Hemizygia *Hesperozygis *Heterolamium *Hoehnea *Holmskioldia *Holocheila Holostylon *Horminum *Hosea *Hoslundia *Huxleya *Hymenocrater *Hymenopyramis *Hypenia

*Hypogomphia *Hyptidendron *Hyptis *Hyssopus Isodictyophorus *Isodon *Isoleucas +Kalaharia *Karomia Keiskea Kudrjaschevia *Kurzamra *Lachnostachys *Lagochilus *Lagopsis *Lallemantia *Lamiophlomis *Lamium *Lavandula *Leocus *Leonotis *Leonurus *Lepechinia *Leucas Leucophae *Leucosceptrum Limniboza *Lophanthus *Loxocalyx *Lycopus *Macbridea *Madlabium *Mallophora *Marmoritis *Marrubium *Marsypianthes *Matsumurella *Meehania *Melissa *Melittis *Mentha *Meriandra Mesona *Metastachydium *Microcorys *Micromeria *Microtoena *Minthostachys *Moluccella *Monarda *Monardella *Monochilus *Mosla *Neoeplingia Neohyptis Neorapinia

*Nepeta *Newcastelia Nosema *Notochaete *Obtegomeria *Ocimum Octomeron *Ombrocharis *Oncinocalyx *Origanum *Orthosiphon *Otostegia +Ovieda *Oxera *Panzerina *Paralamium *Paraphlomis *Paravitex *Peltodon *Pentapleura *Perilla *Perillula *Peronema *Perovskia Perrierastrum Petitia *Petraeovitex *Phlomidoschema *Phlomis *Phyllostegia *Physopsis *Physostegia *Piloblephis Pitardia *Pityrodia *Platostoma *Plectranthus *Pogogyne *Pogostemon *Poliomintha *Prasium *Premna *Prostanthera *Prunella *Pseudocarpidium *Pseudocaryopteris *Pseudoeremostachys *Pseudomarrubium Puntia *Pycnanthemum *Pycnostachys Rabdosiella *Renschia *Rhabdocaulon *Rhaphiodon *Rhododon

*Rosmarinus *Rostrinucula *Rotheca *Roylea *Rubiteucris +Rydingia Sabaudia *Saccocalyx Salazaria *Salvia *Satureja *Schizonepeta *Schnabelia *Scutellaria *Sideritis *Siphocranion Solenostemon *Spartothamnella *Sphenodesme *Stachydeoma *Stachyopsis *Stachys *Stenogyne *Sulaimania *Suzukia *Symphorema Symphostemon *Synandra *Syncolostemon *Tectona *Teijsmanniodendron +Tetraclea *Tetradenia *Teucridium *Teucrium *Thorncroftia *Thuspeinanta *Thymbra *Thymus *Tinnea *Trichostema *Tripora *Tsoongia *Vitex *Viticipremna +Volkameria *Warnockia *Wenchengia *Westringia Wiedemannia *Wrixonia Xenopoma *Zataria *Zhumeria *Ziziphora

Leucas aspera in Hyderabad, India. Orthosiphon thymiflorus flower.

Recent changes

The circumscription of several genera has changed since 2004. Tsoongia, Paravitex, and Viticipremna have been sunk into synonymy with Vitex.^[10] Huxleya has been sunk into Volkameria.^[6] Kalaharia, Volkameria, Ovieda, and Tetraclea have been segregated from a formerly polyphyletic Clerodendrum.^[6] Rydingia has been separated from Leucas.^[11] The remaining Leucas is paraphyletic over four other genera.^[12]

Subfamilies and tribes

In 2004, Lamiaceae were divided into seven subfamilies with ten genera not placed in any of the subfamilies.^[1] The unplaced genera are: Tectona, Callicarpa, Hymenopyramis, Petraeovitex, Peronema, Garrettia, Cymaria, Acrymia, Holocheila, and Ombrocharis. The subfamilies are Symphorematoideae, Viticoideae, Ajugoideae, Prostantheroideae, Nepetoideae, Scutellarioideae, and Lamioideae. The subfamily Viticoideae is probably not monophyletic.^[10] Prostantheroideae and Nepetoideae are divided into tribes. These are shown in the phylogenetic tree below.

Phylogeny

Most of the genera of Lamiaceae have never been sampled for DNA for molecular phylogenetic studies. Most of those that have been are included in the following phylogenetic tree. The phylogeny depicted below is based on seven different sources.^{[1][3][6][10][13][14][15]}

Lamiaceae

Callicarpa Tectona Viticoideae (pro parte)  Gmelina Premna Viticoideae (pro parte)  Vitex Symphorematoideae  Congea Symphorema Ajugoideae  Rotheca Teucrium Ajuga Oxera Faradaya Kalaharia Clerodendrum Volkameria Ovieda Aegiphila Tetraclea Amasonia Prostantheroideae  Chloantheae  Chloanthes Westringieae Prostanthera Westringia Nepetoideae  Ocimeae  Lavandula Siphocranion Isodon Hanceola Hyptis Orthosiphon Ocimum Plectranthus Solenostemon Elscholtzieae  Elscholtzia Perilla Mentheae  Lepechinia Salvia Rosmarinus Prunella Nepeta Dracocephalum Agastache Origanum Thymus Mentha Satureja Clinopodium Bystropogon Pycnanthemum Monarda Dicerandra Conradina Scutellarioideae  Holmskioldia Scutellaria Lamioideae  Pogostemon Phlomis Lamium Stachys Sideritis Haplostachys Stenogyne Phyllostegia Leonurus Marrubium Moluccella Rydingia Leucas Leonotis

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Raymond M. Harley, Sandy Atkins, Andrey L. Budantsev, Philip D. Cantino, Barry J. Conn, Renée J. Grayer, Madeline M. Harley, Rogier P.J. de Kok, Tatyana V. Krestovskaja, Ramón Morales, Alan J. Paton, and P. Olof Ryding. 2004. "Labiatae" pages 167-275. In: Klaus Kubitzki (editor) and Joachim W. Kadereit (volume editor). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume VII. Springer-Verlag: Berlin; Heidelberg, Germany. ISBN 978-3-540-40593-1
2. ^ Cantino, P.D., Harley, R.M. & Wagstaff, S.J. 1992. Genera of Labiatae: status and classification. Pp. 511-522. In: Raymond M. Harley and Tom Reynolds (editors). Advances in Labiate Science. Richmond, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
3. ^ ^{a b} Steven J. Wagstaff, Laura Hickerson, Russ Spangler, Patrick A. Reeves, and Richard G. Olmstead. 1998. "Phylogeny in Labiatae s.l., inferred from cpDNA sequences". Plant Systematics and Evolution 209(3-4):265-274.
4. ^ Peter F. Stevens. 2001 onwards. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see External links below).
5. ^ ^{a b} Vernon H. Heywood, Richard K. Brummitt, Ole Seberg, and Alastair Culham. Flowering Plant Families of the World. Firefly Books: Ontario, Canada. ISBN 978-1-55407-206-4.
6. ^ ^{a b c d} Yao-Wu Yuan, David J. Mabberly, Dorothy A. Steane, and Richard G. Olmstead. 2010. "Further disintegration and redefinition of Clerodendrum (Lamiaceae): Implications for the understanding of the evolution of an intriguing breeding strategy". Taxon 59(1):125-133.
7. ^ "List of genera in Lamiaceae". In: "Lamiaceae". In: "List of families". In: "Families and genera in GRIN. (see External links below)
8. ^ List of Genera in Lamiaceae. At: Vascular Plant Families and Genera. At: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. At: Electronic Plant Information Center. At: Website of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. (see External Links below).
9. ^ List of Genera in Lamiaceae. At: Peter F. Stevens. 2001 onwards. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see External links below).
10. ^ ^{a b c} Gemma L.C. Bramley, Félix Forest, and Rogier P.J. de Kok. 2009. "Troublesome tropical mints: re-examining generic limits of Vitex and relations (Lamiaceae) in South East Asia". Taxon 58(2):500-510.
11. ^ Anne-Cathrine Scheen and Victor A. Albert. 2007. "Nomenclatural and taxonomic changes within the Leucas clade (Lamioideae; Lamiaceae)". Systematics and Geography of Plants 77(2):229-238.
12. ^ Anne-Cathrine Scheen and Victor A. Albert. 2009. "Molecular Phylogenetics of the Leucas Group (Lamioideae; Lamiaceae)". Systematic Botany 34(1):173-181.
13. ^ Jin-Shun Zhong, Jie Li, Lang Li, John G. Conran, and Hsi-wen Li. 2010. "Phylogeny of Isodon (Schrad. ex Benth.) Spach (Lamiaceae) and Related Genera Inferred from Nuclear Ribosomal ITS, trnL-trnF Region, and rps16 Intron Sequences and Morphology". Systematic Botany 35(1):207-219.
14. ^ Jay B. Walker and Kenneth J. Sytsma. 2007. "Staminal Evolution in the Genus Salvia (Lamiaceae): Molecular Phylogenetic Evidence for Multiple Origins of the Staminal Lever". Annals of Botany 100(2):375-391. doi:10.1093/aob/mcl176
15. ^ P. Olof Ryding. 2010. "Pericarp structure and phylogeny of tribe Mentheae (Lamiaceae)". Plant Systematics and Evolution 285(3-4):165–175 doi:10.1007/s00606-010-0270-9

External links

• List of genera in family LABIATAE At: Dicotyledons At: List Genera within a Family At: Vascular Plant Families and Genera At: About the Checklist At: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families At: Data Sources At: ePIC At: Scientific Databases At: Kew Gardens
• List of Genera in Lamiaceae At: Lamiaceae At: Lamiales At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missoure Botanical Garden Website
• List of genera At: Lamiaceae At: List of families At: Families and Genera in GRIN At: Queries At: GRIN taxonomy for plants
• Lamiaceae in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval. http://delta-intkey.com
• Lamiaceae images
• Family Lamiaceae Flowers in Israel
• Chilean Lamiaceae Chileflora
• Family Lamiaceae (Labiatae) Plant Life Forms