Academic quarter (year division)

:"For other uses, see Academic quarter (disambiguation)."

An academic quarter refers to the division of an academic year into four parts, found in a minority of universities in the United States and in some European and Asian countries.

Background and Trends

In the United States, quarters typically comprise 10 weeks of class instruction, [ [http://www.nafsa.org/knowledge_community_network.sec/education_abroad_1/managing_an_education/practice_resources_37/facts_figures/how_to_fill_out_the_open "Practice Resources", NAFSA: Association of International Educators] ] although they have historically ranged from eight to 13 weeks. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/487322 Kemp Malone, " 'Semester' ", American Speech, Dec. 1946, p. 264] ] Academic quarters first came into existence as such when William Rainey Harper organized the University of Chicago on behalf of John D. Rockefeller in 1891. Harper decided to keep the school in session year-round and divide it into four terms instead of the then-traditional two. ]

Of the four traditional academic calendars (semester, quarter, trimester, and 4-1-4), the semester calendar is used the most widely, at over 60% of U.S. higher learning institutions, with less than 20% using the quarter system. [http://www.neu.edu/semesterinfo/Backgrounddocuments/calendar99.doc "Report of the 1998-99" ad hoc "Calendar Committee", Northeastern University, July 30, 1999] ] This number has stayed fairly constant since 1930, when 75% of U.S. institutions surveyed indicated they used a semester plan, with 22% on the quarter system. [ [http://www.jstor.org/pss/1974175 H.W. James, "The Semester versus the Quarter", Journal of Higher Education, Oct. 1930, p. 38] ]

During the 1960s, a number of U.S. statewide educational systems made a switch from a semester to quarter system, typically in an attempt to accommodate the Tidal Wave I enrollment boom, most prominently the University of California system. [http://www.senate.ucla.edu/SenateVoice/Issue3/Debate_Semesters_Or_Quarters.htm "Debate: Semesters or Quarters", UCLA Faculty Senate Voice, Apr. 2003 (iss. 3)] ] Since then, UC Berkeley switched back to semesters in 1983, [ [http://www.today.ucla.edu/2002/021119semester.html Harlan Lebo, "Semester vs. quarter?", UCLA Today, 2002] ] the new UC Merced branch opened with the semester system, and some UC professional schools have switched back to semesters at various points. [http://www.senate.ucla.edu/SenateVoice/Issue1/academic%20calendar.htm UCLA Academic Senate, "Academic Calendar: Semester or Quarter?", Feb. 19, 2002] ] At various points since, committees have been established and official discussions have taken place within the UC system to discuss a systemwide switch back to the semester system. ] [http://www.dailynexus.com/article.php?a=13006 Chris Ziegler, "Faculty Considers Switch from Quarter to Semester", (University of California, Santa Barbara) Daily Nexus, Jan. 29, 1990 (reprinted Jan. 29, 2007)] ]

In recent years, a number of higher ed institutions have considered or already approved a switch to a semester system including the higher ed systems of Ohio [ [http://www.redorbit.com/news/education/1451148/ou_ready_to_consider_switch_to_semesters/index.html Rich Rouan, "OU Ready to Consider Switch to Semesters", Columbus Dispatch, June 26, 2008] ] [ [http://cincinnati.bizjournals.com/cincinnati/stories/2008/04/28/daily17.html "University of Cincinnati planning switch to semesters", Business Courier of Cincinnati, Apr. 29, 2008] ] and Georgia, [ [http://209.85.173.104/search?q=cache:URKQhqPhsOcJ:gtalumni.org/news/ttopics/spr96/switch.html+switch+to+quarter+system&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=31&gl=us&client=firefox-a Hoyt Coffee, "Regents Set Semester Switch", Georgia Tech Alumni magazine, Spring 1996] ] and individual public colleges. [ [http://archive.mailtribune.com/archive/2001/april/040301n2.htm Tony Boom, "SOU studies semester switch", Mail-Tribune, Apr. 3, 2001] ]

Arguments About

Concerns over the quarter system include faculty dislike of the brevity of the term, the loss of faculty research and collaboration time, the shortness of student internship periods, difficulties in recovering from illness-linked absence, and the heavy administrative workload. ]

A quarter system calendar also may put schools at a disadvantage in competing for prospective students, who wish to keep in-step with friends, and offer more opportunities for students to "disconnect from school." ]

Quarter systems do allow students to enroll in a richer variety of courses and school-coordinated internships and may encourage students to take on double majors, minors, concentrations, and the like. ] A quarter system can maximize the use of college facilities in a time of enrollment growth, as it allows for four regular periods of academic instruction. [ [http://www.english.ucla.edu/ucla1960s/6465/mohajeri3.htm Sarah Mohajeri, "From Semesters to Quarters", in "UCLA in the sixties", May 24, 2005] ] Also, quarters allow for faculty to engage in terms with a relatively light course load of teaching and greater opportunities for short sabbaticals. ]

References