CD34

CD34 molecule is a cluster of differentiation molecule present on certain cells within the human body. It is a cell surface glycoprotein and functions as a cell-cell adhesion factor. It may also mediate the attachment of stem cells to bone marrow extracellular matrix or directly to stromal cells. CD34 is also the name for the human gene that encodes the protein. [cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CD34 CD34 molecule| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=947| accessdate = ] cite journal | author = Simmons DL, Satterthwaite AB, Tenen DG, Seed B | title = Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding CD34, a sialomucin of human hematopoietic stem cells | journal = J. Immunol. | volume = 148 | issue = 1 | pages = 267–71 | year = 1992 | month = January | pmid = 1370171 | url = http://www.jimmunol.org/cgi/content/abstract/148/1/267 | issn = ] cite journal | author = Satterthwaite AB, Burn TC, Le Beau MM, Tenen DG | title = Structure of the gene encoding CD34, a human hematopoietic stem cell antigen | journal = Genomics | volume = 12 | issue = 4 | pages = 788–94 | year = 1992 | month = April | pmid = 1374051 | doi = 10.1016/0888-7543(92)90310-O | url = | issn = ]

Function

The CD34 protein is a member of a family of single-pass transmembrane sialomucin proteins that show expression on early hematopoietic and vascular-associated tissue. However little is known about its exact function.cite journal | author = Furness SG, McNagny K | title = Beyond mere markers: functions for CD34 family of sialomucins in hematopoiesis | journal = Immunol. Res. | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–32 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16720896 | doi = 10.1385/IR:34:1:13 | url = | issn = ]

Tissue distribution

Cells expressing CD34 (CD34+ cell) are normally found in the umbilical cord and bone marrow as hematopoeitic cells, endothelial progenitor cells, endothelial cells of blood vessels but not lymphatics (except pleural lymphatics), mast cells, a sub-population dendritic cells (which are factor XIIIa negative) in the interstitium and around the adnexa of dermis of skin, as well as cells in soft tissue tumors like DFSP, GIST, PNSTs etc.

Clinical applications

CD34+ cells may be isolated from blood samples using immunomagnetic or immunofluorescent methods.

Antibodies are used to quantify and purify hematopoietic progenitor stem cells for research and for clinical bone marrow transplantation. However, counting CD34+ mononuclear cells may overestimate myeloid blasts in bone marrow smears due to hematogones (B lymphocyte precursors) and CD34+ megakaryocytes.

Cells observed as CD34+ and CD38- are of an undifferentiated, primitive form; i.e. they are pluripotential hemopoietic stem cells. Thus, because of their CD34+ expression, such undifferentiated cells can be sorted out.

In tumors, CD34 is found in alveolar soft part sarcoma, preB-ALL (positive in 75%), AML (40%), AML-M7 (most), dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, giant cell fibroblastoma, granulocytic sarcoma, Kaposi’s sarcoma, liposarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, mengingeal hemangiopericytomas, meningiomas, neurofibromas, schwannomas, and papillary thyroid carcinoma.

A negative CD34 may exclude Ewing's sarcoma/PNET, myofibrosarcoma of the breast, and inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors of the stomach.

References

Further reading

PBB_Further_reading
citations =
*cite journal | author=Simmons DL, Satterthwaite AB, Tenen DG, Seed B |title=Molecular cloning of a cDNA encoding CD34, a sialomucin of human hematopoietic stem cells. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=148 |issue= 1 |pages= 267–71 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1370171 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Satterthwaite AB, Burn TC, Le Beau MM, Tenen DG |title=Structure of the gene encoding CD34, a human hematopoietic stem cell antigen. |journal=Genomics |volume=12 |issue= 4 |pages= 788–94 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1374051 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Fina L, Molgaard HV, Robertson D, "et al." |title=Expression of the CD34 gene in vascular endothelial cells. |journal=Blood |volume=75 |issue= 12 |pages= 2417–26 |year= 1990 |pmid= 1693532 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Fackler MJ, Civin CI, Sutherland DR, "et al." |title=Activated protein kinase C directly phosphorylates the CD34 antigen on hematopoietic cells. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=265 |issue= 19 |pages= 11056–61 |year= 1990 |pmid= 1694174 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Sutherland DR, Watt SM, Dowden G, "et al." |title=Structural and partial amino acid sequence analysis of the human hemopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34. |journal=Leukemia |volume=2 |issue= 12 |pages= 793–803 |year= 1989 |pmid= 2462139 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Nakamura Y, Komano H, Nakauchi H |title=Two alternative forms of cDNA encoding CD34. |journal=Exp. Hematol. |volume=21 |issue= 2 |pages= 236–42 |year= 1993 |pmid= 7678811 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Huyhn A, Dommergues M, Izac B, "et al." |title=Characterization of hematopoietic progenitors from human yolk sacs and embryos. |journal=Blood |volume=86 |issue= 12 |pages= 4474–85 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8541536 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Tavian M, Coulombel L, Luton D, "et al." |title=Aorta-associated CD34+ hematopoietic cells in the early human embryo. |journal=Blood |volume=87 |issue= 1 |pages= 67–72 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8547678 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Hillier LD, Lennon G, Becker M, "et al." |title=Generation and analysis of 280,000 human expressed sequence tags. |journal=Genome Res. |volume=6 |issue= 9 |pages= 807–28 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8889549 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Uchida N, Yang Z, Combs J, "et al." |title=The characterization, molecular cloning, and expression of a novel hematopoietic cell antigen from CD34+ human bone marrow cells. |journal=Blood |volume=89 |issue= 8 |pages= 2706–16 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9108388 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Ruiz ME, Cicala C, Arthos J, "et al." |title=Peripheral blood-derived CD34+ progenitor cells: CXC chemokine receptor 4 and CC chemokine receptor 5 expression and infection by HIV. |journal=J. Immunol. |volume=161 |issue= 8 |pages= 4169–76 |year= 1998 |pmid= 9780190 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Kees UR, Ford J |title=Synergistic action of stem-cell factor and interleukin-7 in a human immature T-cell line. |journal=Immunology |volume=96 |issue= 2 |pages= 202–6 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10233696 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Bistrup A, Bhakta S, Lee JK, "et al." |title=Sulfotransferases of two specificities function in the reconstitution of high endothelial cell ligands for L-selectin. |journal=J. Cell Biol. |volume=145 |issue= 4 |pages= 899–910 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10330415 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Lataillade JJ, Clay D, Dupuy C, "et al." |title=Chemokine SDF-1 enhances circulating CD34(+) cell proliferation in synergy with cytokines: possible role in progenitor survival. |journal=Blood |volume=95 |issue= 3 |pages= 756–68 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10648383 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Felschow DM, McVeigh ML, Hoehn GT, "et al." |title=The adapter protein CrkL associates with CD34. |journal=Blood |volume=97 |issue= 12 |pages= 3768–75 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11389015 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Dobo I, Robillard N, Pineau D, "et al." |title=Use of pathology-specific peripheral blood CD34 thresholds to predict leukapheresis CD34 content with optimal accuracy: a bicentric analysis of 299 leukaphereses. |journal=Ann. Hematol. |volume=80 |issue= 11 |pages= 639–46 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11757722 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Hogan CJ, Shpall EJ, Keller G |title=Differential long-term and multilineage engraftment potential from subfractions of human CD34+ cord blood cells transplanted into NOD/SCID mice. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 1 |pages= 413–8 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11782553 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.012336799
*cite journal | author=Krauter J, Hartl M, Hambach L, "et al." |title=Receptor-mediated endocytosis of CD34 on hematopoietic cells after stimulation with the monoclonal antibody anti-HPCA-1. |journal=J. Hematother. Stem Cell Res. |volume=10 |issue= 6 |pages= 863–71 |year= 2003 |pmid= 11798512 |doi= 10.1089/152581601317210953
*cite journal | author=Okuno Y, Iwasaki H, Huettner CS, "et al." |title=Differential regulation of the human and murine CD34 genes in hematopoietic stem cells. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 9 |pages= 6246–51 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11983914 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.092027799
*cite journal | author=Hotfilder M, Röttgers S, Rosemann A, "et al." |title=Immature CD34+CD19- progenitor/stem cells in TEL/AML1-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia are genetically and functionally normal. |journal=Blood |volume=100 |issue= 2 |pages= 640–6 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12091359 |doi=

External links

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