Illegal entry

Illegal entry is the act of foreign nationals arriving in or crossing the borders into a country in violation of its immigration law.

Migrants from nations that do not have automatic visa agreements, or who would not otherwise qualify for a visa, often cross the borders illegally in some areas like the United States–Mexico border, the Mona Channel between the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico, the Strait of Gibraltar, Fuerteventura, and the Strait of Otranto. These methods are often dangerous: migrants have been known to suffocate in shipping containers,cite web|title=Three illegal migrants die in shipping container|url=http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2000/01/10/migrants000110.html|accessdate=2007-10-03|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|date=2000-11-11|work=CBC News website] boxcarscite web|title=At least 52 immigrants die of heat crossing from Mexico|url=http://www.visalaw.com/98aug/33aug98.html|accessdate=2007-10-03|publisher=Siskind Susser Bland|year=1998|work=Visalaw.com—The Immigration Law portal] and trucks,cite web|title=Ninth on Trial in Dutch Court for Murder and Illegal Immigration|url=http://english.people.com.cn/english/200103/06/eng20010306_64193.html|accessdate=2008-08-16|publisher=People's Daily Online|date=2001-03-06|work=China People's Daily website] sink in shipwrecks caused by unseaworthy vesselscite web|title=22 Die as illegal immigrants ship capsizes in Mediterranean|url=http://pakistantimes.net/2004/10/05/top5.htm|accessdate=2008-08-16|publisher=Times Group of Publications|date=2004-10-05|work=Pakistan Times website] or die of dehydrationcite web|title=Illegal Immigration: An American Tragedy|url=http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=21975|accessdate=2008-08-16|publisher=Ultio LLC|date=2007-03-12|work=American Chronicle website] or exposure during long walks without water. [cite news | author=Evelyn Nieves | publisher=New York Times | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9806E7D6103BF935A3575BC0A9649C8B63 | date= August 6, 2002 | title=Illegal Immigrant Death Rate Rises Sharply in Barren Areas. | accessdate=2008-02-16]

Human smuggling is the practice of intermediaries aiding unlawful migrants in crossing international borders for financial gain, often in large groups. Human smuggling differs from, but is sometimes associated with, human trafficking. A human smuggler will facilitate illegal entry into a country for a fee, but on arrival at their destination, the smuggled person is usually free. Trafficking involves a process of using physical force, fraud, or deception to obtain and transport people, usually for the purpose of forced labor or prostitution at the destination.

United States

It is illegal to enter the United States without inspection or authorization from government officials.Citation
last =Edmonston
first =Barry
last2 =Smith
first2 =James P.
date =1997
title =The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration
place =Washington, D.C.
publisher =National Academy Press
page =21
isbn =0-309-06356-6
url =http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5779&page=21
accessdate =2008-08-16] The illegal entry of non-nationals into the United States is a misdemeanor according to the Immigration and Nationality Act, which prohibits non-nationals from entering or attempting to enter the United States at any time or place which has not been designated by an immigration officer, and also prohibits non-nationals from eluding inspection by immigration officers.cite web|title=CRS Report for Congress: Immigration Enforcement Within the United States|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33351.pdf|format=pdf|accessdate=2008-08-16|publisher=Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress|date=2006-04-06|work=Federation of American Scientists website|quote=The law prohibits aliens from entering or attempting to enter the United States at any time or place which has not been designated by an immigration officer (i.e., a port of entry). It also prohibits any alien from eluding immigration officers.]

The U.S. Customs and Border Protection is responsible for apprehending individuals attempting to enter the United States illegally. The United States Border Patrol is its mobile uniformed law enforcement arm, responsible for deterrence, detection and apprehension of those who enter the United States without authorization from the government and outside the designated ports of entry.

Six to seven million people reside in the United States after having evaded the Immigration Inspectors or Border Patrol.cite web|title=Modes of Entry for the Unauthorized Migrant Population|url=http://pewhispanic.org/files/factsheets/19.pdf|format=pdf|accessdate=2008-08-16|publisher=Pew Hispanic Center|date=2006-05-22|work=Pew Hispanic Center website] There are an estimated half a million illegal entries into the United States each year.cite web | url=http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06770.pdf | publisher=Government Accountability Office | title=Border-Crossing Deaths Have Doubled Since 1995; Border Patrol’s Efforts to Prevent Deaths Have Not Been Fully Evaluated | page=42 | date=August 2006] Often, migrants employ "coyotes", smugglers who promise a safe passage into the United States and are paid thousands of dollars per person they assist in crossing the border.cite web|title=Immigration deal’s expensive proposition: Advocates worry loan sharks may profit off of fees required for citizenship|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18849271/|accessdate=2008-08-16|publisher=Microsoft (MSN)|date=2007-05-24|work=MSNBC website]

The unfenced rural mountainous and desert border between Arizona and Mexico has become a major entrance area for unlawful migration to the United States, due in part to the increased difficulty of crossing illegally into California. The recent tightening of border enforcement has disrupted the traditional circular movement of many migrant workers from Mexico by increasing the costs and risks of crossing the border, thereby reducing their rate of return migration to Mexico. Each year there are several hundred migrant deaths along the Mexico-U.S. border. [United States Government Accounting Office. [http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06770.pdf GAO-06-770] , August 2006.] The difficulty and expense of the journey has prompted many migrant workers to stay in the United States longer orindefinitely.cite web|title=Traditional Round Trip for Workers Is Becoming a One-Way Migration North|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/21/us/21irmaside.html?ex=1167454800&en=856f26c1ecafe3d7&ei=5070|accessdate=2008-08-16|publisher=The New York Times Company|date=2006-12-21|work=The New York Times website|quote=The percentage of illegal immigrants who used to routinely return home and no longer do is unknown.]

According to the U.S. Border Patrol, there were 1,954 migrant deaths along the Mexico-U.S. border between 1998 and 2004.cite news | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E4DB163CF930A35752C1A9629C8B63 | title=Southwest: New Mexico: A Mass For Border Crossers | publisher=NY Times | date=2004-11-03] In 1993, 283 Chinese migrants attempted illegal entry into the United States via a sea vessel; ten of them arrived dead.cite web|title=Mastermind of Golden Venture Smuggling Ship Gets 20 Years|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9401E3DF153BF931A35751C1A96E958260|accessdate=2008-08-16|publisher=The New York Times Company|date=1998-12-02|work=New York Times website] cite web|title=The Golden Venture, Plus 100,000|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE1DB1138F93AA35755C0A965958260|accessdate=2008-02-24|publisher=The New York Times Company|date=1993-06-09|work=The New York Times website]

United Kingdom

A recent study into irregular immigration to the United Kingdom states that "most irregular migrants have committed administrative offences rather than a serious crime". [http://www.ippr.org/ecomm/files/irregular_migration.pdf Irregular migration in the UK: An ippr factfile] Institute for Public Policy Research, April 2006, p. 5.] In 2004, illegal entry action was initiated against 36,550 migrants; it was estimated that more migrants overstay their visa than enter clandestinely, hence considered unlikely that there are large numbers of people crossing UK borders without permission.

Many of the routes for clandestine entry are very dangerous. There were 72 documented deaths that are thought to have occurred while entering UK between 1993 and 2002. The most common cause of death while entering the UK (61 of the deaths recorded) was suffocation in a lorry while being smuggled into the UK by ferry; Others drowned in the English Channel, froze to death as stowaways on an aeroplane and were crushed by trains in the Channel Tunnel.

India

Presently, India is constructing a fence along the border to restrict illegal traffic from Bangladesh.cite web|title=Villagers left in limbo by border fence|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4653810.stm|accessdate=2008-08-16|publisher=BBC|date=2006-01-28|work=BBC News website] The Indo-Bangladeshi barrier is 4,000 kilometers (2,500 miles) long. The stated aim of the fence is to stop infiltration of terrorists, prevent smuggling, and to bring a close to illegal immigration from Bangladesh.cite web|title=The good fences epidemic|url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1170359860662&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/Printer|accessdate=2008-08-16|publisher=The Jerusalem Post|date=2007-02-14|work=The Jerusalem Post] cite web|title=India builds a 2,500-mile barrier to rival the Great Wall of China|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article782933.ece|accessdate=2008-08-16|publisher=Times Newspapers Ltd|date=2005-12-28|work=The Times Online website]

Australia

In Australia, mandatory immigration detention was revived in 1992 for all foreigners who arrive in Australia without a visa. That only "border applicants" are subject to detention has sparked criticism, as it is claimed to unfairly discriminate against certain migrants.cite journal
quotes = no
last = Wood
first = Alexander J.
year = 2002
title = The "Pacific Solution": Refugees Unwelcome in Australia
journal = Human Rights Brief
volume = 9
issue = 3
pages = 22
issn = 1522-6808
url = http://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/09/3australia.cfm
accessdate = 2008-08-16 ]

Suspected Illegal Entry Vessel was the name used by the Australian Defence Force or Australian Coastwatch for maritime vessels which were suspected to be attempting to reach Australia without authorisation. In practice, these boats were almost exclusively carrying asylum seekers who had departed from Indonesia on the final leg of a journey which started in countries such as Iraq and Afghanistan after paying people smugglers.

Palestine

During 1933-1948, the British government limited Jewish immigration to Palestine with quotas, and following the rise of Nazism to power in Germany, illegal immigration to Palestine commenced. The illegal immigration was known as Aliyah Bet ("secondary immigration"), or "Ha'apalah", and was organized by the Mossad Le'aliyah Bet, as well as by the Irgun. Immigration was done mainly by sea, and to a lesser extent overland through Iraq and Syria. Beginning in 1939 Jewish immigration was further restricted, limiting it to 75,000 individuals for a period of five years after which immigration was to end completely. During World War II and the years that followed until independence, "Aliyah Bet" became the main form of Jewish immigration to Palestine. Despite British efforts to curb the illegal immigration, during the 14 years of its operation, 110,000 Jews immigrated to Palestine.

Turkey

Turkey, which is a transit point for unauthorized migrants trying to reach Europe, has been accused of being unable to secure its borders with Greece. Since 1996, 40 unauthorized migrants have been killed by mines, after entering Greek territory in Evros.cite web|title=Landmine deaths on Greek border|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3149744.stm|accessdate=2008-08-16|publisher=BBC|date=2003-09-29|work=BBC News website] In 2001, about 800 illegal immigrants were rescued by the Greek coastguards after a fire broke out on board the Turkish-flagged "Brelner", believed to have set sail from the Turkish port of İzmir, probably en route to Italy.cite web|title=Greece rescues immigrant ship|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1639933.stm|accessdate=2008-08-16|publisher=BBC|date=2001-11-05|work=BBC News website] Once in July 2004 and a second time in May 2006, Hellenic Coast Guard ships were caught on film cruising as near as a few hundred meters off the Turkish coast and abandoning clandestines to the sea. This practice resulted in the drowning of six people between Chios and Karaburun on 26 September 2006 while three others disappeared and 31 were saved by Turkish gendarmes and fishermen. Three of the drowned were Tunisians, one was Algerian, one Palestinian and the other Iraqi. The three disappeared were also Tunisians.cite web|title=UNHCR seeks information from Turkey, Greece on migrant tragedy|url=http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=55214|accessdate=2008-08-16|publisher=Dogan Daily News Inc|date=2006-09-28|work=Turkish Daily News website] cite web|title=Mülteci operasyonu|url=http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster/haber.aspx?id=5115588&tarih=2006-09-20|accessdate=2008-08-16|publisher=Hürriyet|date=2006-09-20|work=Hürriyet website|language=Turkish] cite web|title=Yunan botları kaçakları yine denize attı|url=http://proje.hurriyet.com.tr/msnnews/?path=/gundem/5152587.asp&y=41|accessdate=2008-08-16|publisher=Hürriyet|date=2006-09-26|work=Hürriyet website|language=Turkish]

As a result of bilateral negotiations, a readmission agreement was signed between Turkey and Greece in November 2001 and went into effect in April 2002. For third country nationals, this protocol gives the parties 14 days to inform each other of the number of persons to be returned after the date of illegal entry. For nationals of the two countries the authorities can make use of simplified procedures. But the strict application of the agreement is reported to have retrograded as of 2003.

China

People's Republic of China is building a security barrier along its border with North Korea to prevent defectors or refugees from North Korea from entering the country illegally.cite web|title=China building border fence facing North Korea|url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/10/china-building-border-fence-facing.php|accessdate=2008-08-16|publisher=Bernard J. Hibbitts, University of Pittsburgh School of Law|date=2006-10-17|work=Jurist—Legal News and Research website]

On May 13, 2004, the People's Republic of China sentenced Yang Jianli, a Chinese dissident with U.S. residency, to five years in prison for espionage and illegal entry.

Hong Kong

The illegal entry of Vietnamese refugees was a concern for the Hong Kong government for 25 years. The issue was first resolved in 2000. Between 1975 and 1999, 143,700 Vietnamese refugees were resettled in other countries and more than 67,000 Vietnamese migrants were repatriated.cite web|title=The influx of Vietnamese boat people|url=http://www.immd.gov.hk/40/eng/mil/70s/mil_70s_iv.html|accessdate=2007-05-02|publisher=The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China|year=2008|work=Hong Kong Government Immigration Department website]

Iran

On 23 March 2007, 15 British Royal Navy personnel, from HMS "Cornwall", were surrounded by the Navy of the Iranian Revolutionary Guards and were subsequently detained off the Iraq-Iran coast. Iran's director general for Western European affairs, Ibrahim Rahimpour, said that the British boats had made "illegal entry" into Iranian territorial waters and that the personnel "were arrested by border guards for investigation and questioning". [cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6489493.stm |title=Seized sailors 'taken to Tehran' |publisher=BBC News Online|date=2007-03-24 |accessdate=2007-03-24] On 24 March, the Iranian Fars News Agency said the navigational equipment seized on the British boats shows the sailors were aware that they were operating in Iranian waters. On the same day, General Ali Reza Afshar, a top military official, said the sailors had confessed to illegal entry into Iran's waters.cite news |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17769296/ |title=Iran: UK Troops Illegally Entered Waters |publisher=AP|date=2007-03-24 |accessdate=2007-03-24]

Egypt

On January 25, 2008 Egyptian security forces blocked almost all illegal entry points along the border with Gaza to try to stem the flow of Palestinians wanting to leave.cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7208252.stm |title=Gazans make new border wall hole: Palestinians have bulldozed down part of the Gaza-Egypt border wall again, hours after Egyptian troops blocked holes recently made by militants|work=BBC News |date=2008-01-25 ] Egyptian forces in riot gear erected barbed wire and chain-link fences along the border to prevent more Palestinians from crossing.cite news | first = Nidal | last = al-Mughrabi | work = Reuters | title = Hamas challenges Egypt's bid to close Gaza border | date = 2008-01-25 | url = http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSL2417232020080125 ]

Thailand

On June 5, 2006, 231 Hmong refugees fleeing Laos were detained by police in Amphoe Khao Kho, Phetchabun Province for illegal entry into Thailand. The Hmong were seeking asylum at the province's Ban Huay Nam Khao, where about 6,500 ethnic Hmong are being sheltered, but the Thai military refused to allow them to stay. Most of the Hmong claim they fought against the communists in the Secret War.cite web|title=231 Hmong refugees imprisoned|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/06/07/national/national_30005937.php|accessdate=2008-08-16|publisher=www.nationmultimedia.com|date=2006-06-07|work=The Nation website]

Malaysia

Most unlawful migrants to Malaysia are from nearby Southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia and the Philippines.

See also

* Unauthorised arrival
* Immigration detention
* Freedom of movement

References