Koyaanisqatsi

Infobox Film
name = Koyaanisqatsi


caption =
director = Godfrey Reggio
producer = Godfrey Reggio
writer = Ron Fricke
Michael Hoenig
Godfrey Reggio
Alton Walpole
music = Philip Glass
cinematography = Ron Fricke
editing = Ron Fricke
Alton Walpole
distributor = New Cinema
and Island Alive
(USA)
released = November 11, 1983
runtime = 87 minutes
language = English
Hopi
budget =
amg_id = 1:27685
imdb_id = 0085809
followed_by = Powaqqatsi

"Koyaanisqatsi" (IPA-all|ˈkɔɪɑːnɪsˌkɑːtsiː), also known as "Koyaanisqatsi: Life out of Balance", is a 1982 film directed by Godfrey Reggio with music composed by Philip Glass and cinematography by Ron Fricke.

The film consists primarily of slow motion and time-lapse photography of cities and many natural landscapes across the United States. The visual tone poem contains neither dialogue nor a vocalized narration: its tone is set by the juxtaposition of images and music. In the Hopi language, the word "Koyaanisqatsi" means 'crazy life, life in turmoil, life out of balance, life disintegrating, a state of life that calls for another way of living', and the film implies that modern humanity is living in such a way.

The film is the first in the Qatsi trilogy of films: it is followed by "Powaqqatsi" (1988) and "Naqoyqatsi" (2002). The trilogy depicts different aspects of the relationship between humans, nature, and technology. "Koyaanisqatsi" is the best known of the trilogy and is considered a cult film. However, due to copyright issues, the film was out of print for most of the 1990s. [cite web |url=http://www.spiritofbaraka.com/koyaanis.aspx |title=Koyaanisqatsi |work=Spirit of Baraka |date=2007-05-21 |accessdate=2008-05-28]

ynopsis

The film contains several cinematic sequences accompanied by recurring musical themes. The chapters on the "Koyaanisqatsi" DVD are separated and named by the titles of the musical sections.

The first image in the film is of a Fremont Indian pictogram located in "The Great Gallery" of Horseshoe Canyon, part of Canyonlands National Park, Utah. The section shown depicts several tall darkly-shadowed figures standing near a taller figure adorned with a crown. The next image is a close-up of the "Saturn V" rocket from the "Apollo 12" mission during lift off. The film fades into a shot of a desolate desert landscape. The large skylight arch depicted a few scenes later is a formation called Paul Bunyan's Potty in the Needles District of Canyonlands. From there, it progresses to footage of various natural environmental phenomena such as waves and cloud formations ("Organic").

The film's introduction to human involvement in the environment is subtle: a low aerial shot of choppy water cuts to a similar shot of rows of cultivated flowers. After aerial views of monumental rock formations partly drowned by the backed up waters of Lake Powell, we see a large mining truck causing billows of black dust in the chapter titled "Resource". This is followed by shots of power lines in the desert. Man's continued involvement in the environment is depicted through images of mining operations, overhead shots of power plants, Glen Canyon Dam (not Hoover Dam as the Glen Canyon Bridge is visible) and stock footage of atomic bomb detonations in the Nevada desert.

The sequence entitled "Vessels" contains the film's longest single take: a three minute and thirty-two second long shot of two United Airlines commercial passenger Boeing 747s taxiing on a runway. "Vessels" also contains shots of traffic patterns during rush hour on a Los Angeles freeway and a shot of a large parking lot. This is followed with stock footage of Soviet tanks lined up in rows and a B-1 Lancer military aircraft.

The juxtaposition of humans and nature is seen again in the chapter "Cloudscape". The time-lapse photography of shadows of clouds are seen moving across the skyscrapers in New York City.

The sequence "Pruit-Igoe" contains shots of various housing projects in disrepair, and includes footage of the decay and demolition of the Pruitt-Igoe housing project. The housing project was known for its modernist design, but fell into immediate disrepair. The sequence ends with stock footage of the destruction of large buildings and a shot of a television set being blown up.

A sequence known as "Slow People" begins with a time-lapse shot of a crowd of people who appear to be waiting in a line. This is followed by shots of people walking along the streets of New York City shot with slow motion photography.

"The Grid" is the film's longest sequence, roughly 22 minutes in length. The cinematic theme of this sequence is the speed of modern life. The sequence begins with shots of buildings and a shot of a sunset reflected in the glass of a skyscraper. The sequence is characterized by its use of time lapse photography of the activity of modern life, taking events typically shot at normal speed and accelerating them. The events captured in this sequence involve people interacting with modern technology. The first shots are traffic patterns as seen from skyscrapers at night. This is followed by the film's iconic shot of the moon passing behind a skyscraper. The next shots are closer shots of cars on highway. The sun rises over the city and we see shots of people hurrying to work. The film shows at regular speed the operation of machines packaging Oscar Mayer bologna. People are shown sorting mail, sewing jeans, manufacturing televisions and doing other jobs with the use of modern technology. A shot of hot dogs being sent down rows of conveyers is followed by a shot of people moving up escalators. The frenetic speed and pace of the cuts and background music do not slow as shots of modern leisure are shown. People eat, play, shop and work at the same speed. The sequence begins to come full circle as the manufacturing of automobiles in an assembly line factory is shown.

More shots of highway traffic are shown, this time in daylight. The film shows the movement of cars, shopping carts, Twinkies, and televisions on an assembly line, and elevators moving from first person perspective. These shots include cars along the Embarcadero Freeway in San Francisco (later demolished due to damage from the 1989 earthquake), and people on escalators in New York's Grand Central Terminal and the PATH station below the World Trade Center. The film then shows clips from various television shows being channel surfed in fast motion. Clips include a car crash, newscasts moving so fast that the anchors' faces are blurred (if you pause in this part you can see a very young Lou Dobbs reporting on the middle east) football games, and flashes of television advertisements. The film then shows a man and two different couples reacting to being filmed on the street in slow motion photography. Some of the pedestrians appear indifferent to being filmed, others appear irritated, and one man looks confused about being filmed. The sequence then shows cars moving much faster than they were moving before. Both the sequence and the music end without resolution, either cinematic or musical.

"Microchips" juxtaposes pictures of microchips and satellite photography of metropolitan cities, making an obvious comparison between their layouts.

"Prophecies" shows various shots of people from all walks of modern life, from beggars to debutantes. A scene of firefighters moving along a smoky street was shot during the aftermath of the riots after the New York City blackout of 1977.

"Ending" shows stock footage of a modified and unpiloted Atlas rocket from the Mercury program from the early 1960s. The rocket blows up shortly after lift off (many viewers mistakenly assume it to be the space shuttle Challenger, the destruction of which occurred three years after the movie's release). The footage follows the flaming rocket engine as it plummets to earth. The film comes full circle with a shot of a different portion of The Great Gallery pictograph. It is similar to the first shot, but with no darkly shadowed figures.

Music

Infobox Album
Name = Koyaanisqatsi
Type = Soundtrack
Artist = Philip Glass


Released = 1983
Recorded =
Genre = Soundtrack, film score, contemporary classical, Minimalism
Length = 86:25
Label = Antilles/Island
Producer = Kurt Munkacsi & Philip Glass
Reviews = * Allmusic Rating|5|5 [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:bu5f8q9tbtv4 link]
*"Rolling Stone" Rating|3|5 [http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/philipglass/albums/album/108478/review/5943873/koyaanisqatsi 1983-12-08]
Last album = "Glassworks"
(1982)
This album = "Koyaanisqatsi"
(1983)
Next album = "The Photographer"
(1983)
Misc = Extra album cover
Upper caption = "Koyaanisqatsi" (1998 re-recording)
Background = Infobox Album/color|soundtrack

Reggio was intent on Philip Glass producing the score. He approached Glass through a mutual friend, and Glass replied, "I don't do film music." Reggio persisted, until he gained a meeting with Glass who nevertheless declined. Determined, Reggio put together a photo montage with Glass' music as the soundtrack, which he presented to Glass at a private screening in New York. Immediately following this, Glass agreed to score the film.Fact|date=February 2007 It became his first commercial success, and Glass would later score the other two films in the "Qatsi" trilogy.Glass had to create a 'music of nature' as well as a 'music of technology'.Fact|date=February 2007 The opening for "The Grid" is characterized by slow sustained notes on brass instruments. The music builds in speed and dynamics throughout the piece's 21 minutes. When the piece is at its fastest, it is characterized by a synthesizer playing the piece's bass line ostinato.

The film's soundtrack by Glass was released in 1983, after the release of the film. Despite the fact that the amount of music in the film was almost as long as the film itself, the soundtrack release was only 46 minutes long, and only featured selections from the film's pieces. In 1998, Glass re-recorded the album through Nonesuch Records with a length of 73 minutes, 21 seconds. The re-recording of the album featured two additional tracks from the film, as well as extended versions of previous tracks from the original album. The album was released as a Philip Glass album titled "Koyaanisqatsi", rather than a soundtrack to the film. The music has become so popular that the Philip Glass Ensemble has toured the world, playing the music for "Koyaanisqatsi" live in front of the movie screen.

Meaning

Reggio stated that the "Qatsi" films are intended to simply create an experience and that "it is up [to] the viewer to take for himself/herself what it is that [the film] means." He also said that "these films have never been about the effect "of" technology, "of" industry "on" people. It's been that everyone: politics, education, things of the financial structure, the nation state structure, language, the culture, religion, all of that exists within the host of technology. So it's not the effect "of" it's that everything exists within [technology] . It's not that we "use" technology, we "live" technology. Technology has become as ubiquitous as the air we breathe..."cite video |people=Carson, Greg (Producer and director) |date2=2002-09-14 |title=Essence of Life |medium=Documentary from "Koyaanisqatsi" DVD |publisher=Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer |isbn=0-7928-5333-4]

The movie has no dialogue but does feature the Hopi word "koyaanisqatsi", translated as "life of moral corruption and turmoil" or "life out of balance." "Koyaanisqatsi" is chanted at the beginning and end of the film in a dark, sepulchral "basso profundo" by singer Albert de Ruiter over the score by Philip Glass. Three Hopi prophecies are sung by a choral ensemble over the film's final few minutes and are translated just prior to the end credits:
*"If we dig precious things from the land, we will invite disaster."
*"Near the day of Purification, there will be cobwebs spun back and forth in the sky."
*"A container of ashes might one day be thrown from the sky, which could burn the land and boil the oceans."

The film took about six years to make. Three years were spent shooting the film. Glass and Reggio spent an additional three years in a state of collaboration, with Glass composing score to fit the film and Reggio re-cutting the footage to fit the score.

At the end of the film, the movie credits for inspiration Jacques Ellul, Ivan Illich, David Monongye, Guy Debord and Leopold Kohr. Moreover, amongst the consultants to the director we can find names as Jeffrey Lew, T.A. Price, Belle Carpenter, Langdon Winner, Cybelle Carpenter and Barbara Pecarich.

Releases

Out of print for over a decade, "Koyaanisqatsi" was re-released on DVD in late 2002. Much of the reason for the film's disappearance from the market centered around a complicated rights and royalties dispute. Reggio's Institute for Regional Education owns the original copyright on the film. The film had originally been licensed and distributed through Island Entertainment/Palm Pictures, which had subsequently been sold to PolyGram - and after the dissolution of PolyGram Pictures, the entire PolyGram film library had been sold to Metro-Goldwyn Mayer. As there had been many accounting departments for these several entities involved, calculations and payments of royalties to the film makers had not been made. IRE brought suit and released an independently-financed DVD production of the film to raise money for the legal costs which sold for a $180 donation. This DVD is in a full-frame 4:3 format. MGM and IRE reached an agreement allowing for the current mass-market version through MGM.

Acclaim

The film won the "Francis Ford Coppola Presents" endorsement at the 1982 New York Film Festival, and Coppola is now credited as an executive producer. In an interview, Godfrey Reggio says "... [Coppola] would like to do everything possible to make this available to the public, so he put his name on it". [cite news|url=http://www.indiewire.com/people/int_Reggio_GOD_021018.html |title=INTERVIEW: Lone Giant: Godfrey Reggio's 'Naqoyqatsi' |first=Erin |last=Torneo |work=IndieWire |date=2002-09-13 |accessdate=2008-05-28] In 2000, "Koyaanisqatsi" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Legacy

"Koyaanisqatsi" is followed by the sequels "Powaqqatsi" and "Naqoyqatsi" and the shorts "Anima Mundi" and "Evidence." "Naqoyqatsi" was completed after a lengthy delay caused by funding problems and premiered in the United States on October 18, 2002. [http://www.naqoy.com/]

The film's cinematographer, Ron Fricke, went on to direct "Baraka", a pure cinema movie which is often compared to "Koyaanisqatsi".

Influence

The music from "Koyaanisqatsi" has been used throughout popular culture ever since the film's release. The film's title song was featured in two episodes of the TV series "Scrubs", whenever the Janitor character gave the "evil eye." [cite episode |title=My New God |episodelink=List of Scrubs episodes#Season 5: 2006 |series=Scrubs |serieslink=Scrubs (TV series) |network=NBC |season=5 |number=5 ] [cite episode |title=My Chopped Liver |episodelink=List of Scrubs episodes#Season 5: 2006 |series=Scrubs |serieslink=Scrubs (TV series) |network=NBC |season=5 |number=17] The song was also covered by the pop group Awaken, on their album "Party in Lyceum's Toilets". [cite web |title=Awaken: Party in Lyceum's Toilets |url=http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/awakenmusic|accessdate=2008-06-17 |work=CD Baby] The chanted "koyaanisqatsi" lyric from the film's title song was parodied in P. D. Q. Bach's "Prelude to Einstein on the Fritz", replaced with the lyric "koy-hotsy-totsy". [cite news |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/music/9902,214279,3586,22.html |title=Classical Trash |work=The Village Voice |first=Kyle |last=Gann |date=1999-01-19 |accessdate=2008-05-28] The first trailer for the video game "Grand Theft Auto IV" featured time lapse shots of the fictional Liberty City similar to those in the film, along with music from the track "Pruit Igoe", [cite web |url=http://www.thegtaplace.com/gta4/trailers.php |title=GTA IV Trailers |accessdate=2008-06-19 |work=The GTA Place] which was also featured in the game on the ambient music radio station, The Journey. [cite web |url=http://www.gta4.net/music/ |title=Grand Theft Auto IV - Music |work=GTA Network |accessdate=2008-06-19] The word "koyaaniqatsi" was used in the Dan Brown novel "Angels & Demons" to describe the view of Rome from a helicopter. [cite book |title=Angels & Demons |first=Dan |last=Brown |authorlink=Dan Brown |page=p. 148 |publisher=Pocket Books |year=2000 |city=New York |isbn=1416524797]

* "The Simpsons" parodied Koyaanisqatsi in the episode "Hello Gutter, Hello Fadder". There is a fast-motion sequence when Homer oversleeps, accompanied by music very similar to that in the film.
* In "The Simpsons" episode "Million Dollar Abie" a time-lapse sequence with "Koyaanisqatsi"-like music is used to show the passage of 24 hours at the Springfield Retirement Castle.
* In "The Simpsons" episode "A Star Is Burns" the music and time-lapse effects are used in Barney´s short film, Pukahontas.
* In the digital audio workstation software Digital Performer, a reverberation plugin contains a stored preset named Koyaanisqatsi.
* In the Native Instruments Reaktor virtual modular sound synthesis program, from the 3rd party library downloadable from the NI site, there is an ensemble 'Koyanniqatsi' with a powerful 'Koyanniqatsi' arpeggiator reflecting the enormous use of arpeggio textures in the film.
* The Madonna video for "Ray of Light" visually resembles "Koyaanisqatsi". [cite news |url=http://www.beyondrobson.com/music/2006/02/glass_is_philip_qe_not_halfempty/ |title=Glass is Philip; QE not half-empty |work=Beyond Robson |date=2006-02-24 |date=2008-05-29]
* The computer game musician Rob Hubbard referenced parts of the Koyaanisqatsi score in his music for the Commodore 64 game "Delta".
* A sample of Koyaanisqatsi appears in an Herbie Hancock track of The Official Music of the 1984 Games, though Philip Glass also contributes with a piece of his own.
* The first public "Grand Theft Auto IV" gameplay trailer featured the "Pruit Igoe" theme, and was presented in a similar fashion.
* The David Byrne movie "True Stories" features a segment that is visually similar to the film, whilst similar music plays over it.
* An episode of Disney's "Bill Nye The Science Guy" on Transportation has a short segment of cars passing by in time lapse, planes taxiing, and people moving on escalators. It has music mimicking the score of Koyaanisqatsi which proves it's a direct influence or spoof of the film.

See also

* "Powaqqatsi"
* "Naqoyqatsi"
* Qatsi trilogy
* "Baraka (film)"

References

External links

* [http://www.koyaanisqatsi.org Official homepage of the Qatsi trilogy]
*
* [http://archive.salon.com/ent/movies/feature/2002/11/05/qatsi/index.html Salon.com article]
* [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/06/27/050627crmu_music?currentPage=1 New Yorker Review 2005]
* [http://www.dareland.com/emulsionalproblems/reggio.htm LA Weekly interview with Godfrey Reggio on the making of "Koyaanisqatsi" and "Powaqqatsi"]
* [http://www.spiritofbaraka.com/ Spirit of Baraka] . A reference site for films such as Baraka, Koyaanisqatsi and the people who made them.