Hurricane Bob

Infobox Hurricane
Name=Hurricane Bob
Image location=Hurricane Bob 19 aug 1991 1226Z.jpg
Type=hurricane
Year=1991
Basin=Atl


Formed=August 16, 1991
Dissipated=August 29, 1991
1-min winds=100
Pressure=950
Da

Inflated=0
Fatalities=10 direct, 10 indirectFact|date=February 2007
Areas=North Carolina, Long Island, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Maine, Atlantic Canada
Hurricane season=1991 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Bob was the second named storm, first hurricane and first major hurricane of the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season. The first and only hurricane to make U.S. landfall during the 1991 season, Bob brushed the Outer Banks of North Carolina as it moved northward. The storm then struck New England and later Atlantic Canada as a category 2 hurricane. Bob left ten people dead and $2.8 billion dollars (2005 USD) in damage. It is still the most recent "hurricane" to strike the Northeast, as of 2008. Tropical Storm Hanna of 2008 made landfall on Islip, New York with 60 mph winds. Also of note, Hurricane Kyle of the same year threatened Maine, but made landfall in Nova Scotia.

Meteorological history

On August 16, a tropical depression formed 200 miles (320 km) to the east of the Bahamas. This storm moved slowly to the northwest and intensified. By the end of the next day, the storm had become a hurricane and was named Bob, as it was the second storm of the season.

As Bob became a hurricane, it began to move to the northeast and accelerated. By August 19, the storm was located 30-35 miles (50-55 km) to the east of Cape Hatteras, and was at its peak intensity of 115 mph (185 km/h). As the storm moved quickly northeast, it began to weaken over the colder waters. Hurricane Bob then made landfall twice on Rhode Island: at 1:30 p.m. on Block Island, then at 2 p.m. over Newport. [ [http://www.erh.noaa.gov/er/box/hurricanebob.htm HURRICANE BOB (CAT 2 - August 19, 1991) ] ] The storm cut a path across southeastern Massachusetts and then into the Gulf of Maine. As it did this, it continued to weaken and began to lose its tropical characteristics. By 10 p.m. that evening, the storm made a second landfall in Rockland, Maine, at which time it was downgraded to a tropical storm. The storm proceeded across eastern Maine and New Brunswick and then out to sea on August 20. The remnants crossed the Atlantic until dissipating near Portugal on the 29th.

Impact

Hurricane Bob brought sustained hurricane force winds to the immediate coastal communities of Rhode Island and most of southeast Massachusetts. Storm surge in Narragansett Bay peaked at convert|11.5|ft|m. Strong tropical storm force winds blew across the remainder of the region, with many areas receiving gusts to hurricane force east of the Connecticut River. Wind damage to trees and utility poles was common and resulted in numerous power outages. Over 60 percent of the residents across southeast Rhode Island and southeast Massachusetts lost power. Damage was also extensive to apple and peach orchards across these areas.

Coastal communities bore the brunt of the storm, with sustained winds between 83 to convert|107|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on. Peak wind gusts to convert|125|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on were recorded on Cape Cod in the towns of Brewster and Truro, as well as in Wethersfield, Connecticut. The highest sustained wind of convert|100|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on, was recorded in North Truro. Block Island reported sustained winds of convert|90|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on, with gusts in excess of 105 mph (maximum speed of equipment). Wind gusts to near convert|100|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on were recorded in Newport and by the Navy Ship USS "Samuel B. Roberts" (FFG-58), which was riding out the storm on the east passage between Newport and Jamestown, Rhode Island. Additionally, Six confirmed tornadoes were associated with hurricane Bob; four touched down in North Carolina and two on Long Island, New York. There were 16 unconfirmed tornadoes reported, including nine on Hatteras Island, NC, two in Rhode Island, and two in Massachusetts. The lowest barometric pressure was recorded by the USS "Valdez" (FF-1096) while in the east passage of Narragansett Bay, with a reading of convert|28.47|in|mm.

Hurricane Bob caused a storm surge of 6 to 10 feet (above mean tide) along the Rhode Island shore, which would have resulted in four feet of water inundating downtown Providence had its protective hurricane barrier not sheltered it. [http://www.providenceri.com/publicworks/hurricane/significance6.html] The surge was worse (10 to convert|15|ft|m) in Buzzards Bay. The Buzzards Bay shore east to Cape Cod was hardest hit. The highest surges, of 12 to convert|15|ft|m, were observed in Onset, Bourne, and Wareham, at the head of Buzzards Bay. Cove Road, in Mattapoisett, Massachusetts had 29 of 37 homes destroyed, while Angelica Point lost 32 of 35 homes along the shore. Boat damage was significant, as many boats were torn from their moorings. Extensive beach erosion occurred along the shore from Westerly, Rhode Island eastward. Some south facing beach locations on Martha's Vineyard and Nantucket Island lost up to convert|50|ft|m of beach to erosion. Due to the extensive damage, President George H.W. Bush declared Rhode Island a "disaster area" because of Hurricane Bob.

The storm also affected the Canadian Maritimes. Two boys were killed by being swept out to sea. The eye passed directly over Campobello Island, New Brunswick.

Significant rainfall of 3 to convert|6|in|mm fell across all but southeast Rhode Island and eastward to Cape Cod, where less than convert|1|in|mm|sing=on fell. The heaviest rainfall of over convert|7|in|mm affected western Rhode Island and extreme eastern Connecticut. Portland, Maine had the highest amount of rain with convert|8.24|in|mm; the 24 hour rainfall associated with Bob set a record for Portland. Its storm total rainfall graphic is located [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/bob1991rain.gifhere.]

Wind gusts of up to convert|61|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on were reported in Portland, Maine. convert|2.8|ft|m storm surge occurred in the Portland Tide Gauge. A total of three fatalities from Bob were reported in Maine. The total damage in Maine topped off at $212 million (1991 USD). Many locations in Maine experienced long-duration power-outages. The Sebago Lake area also reported heavy damage. [http://home.maine.rr.com/mailhot/netrop.html] Dead link|date=March 2008]

It was the strongest hurricane to strike New England since Hurricane Gloria hit on September 27, 1985. Bob was responsible for six deaths in Connecticut, 18 deaths in the United States and for 20 deaths overall. It spawned tornadoes in North Carolina and Long Island. Total damage in southern New England was approximately $1.5 billion ($2.3 billion in 2005 dollars).

Retirement

Because of its impact, the name Bob was retired in the spring of 1992 and will never be used again for an Atlantic hurricane. It was replaced with "Bill" in the 1997 season.

ee also

*List of Atlantic hurricanes
*List of New England hurricanes
*List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
*List of wettest tropical cyclones in Massachusetts

References

"Note: Large amounts of information on this page have been incorporated from NOAA, allowable under United States fair use laws. Original source of the information is at http://www.erh.noaa.gov/er/box/hurricanebob.htm The page has the disclaimer "This information was taken from SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND TROPICAL STORMS AND HURRICANES, A Ninety-eight Year Summary 1909-1997, by David R. Vallee and Michael R. Dion, National Weather Service, Taunton, MA."

External links

* [http://www.erh.noaa.gov/er/box/hurricanebob.htm NOAA information on Hurricane Bob]
* [http://archive.capecodonline.com/special/hurricane/ Cape Cod Times 10-year anniversary review of Hurricane Bob]