1990s in Hong Kong

1990s in Hong Kong marks a transitional period and the last decade of Colonial Hong Kong.

Background

The 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration paved the way for a series of changes that would facilitate the transfer of sovereignty from the United Kingdom to the People's Republic of China (PRC). In July 1992, Chris Patten was appointed as the last British Governor of Hong Kong. By contrast with his predecessors, Edward Youde and David Wilson, Patten had little knowledge or experience about Hong Kong or China, and spoke neither Mandarin Chinese nor Cantonese. The decade was essentially dominated by the political backdrop of the handover.

Politics

The handover

Following China's Tiananmen Square protest in 1989, citizens feared the Chinese government would not keep its promise of autonomy after the handover in Hong Kong. As a result, various mediating measures took place in the run-up to 1997. The Hong Kong Basic Law was ratified on 4 April 1990 as a mini-constitution. The pro-Beijing bloc welcomed the Basic Law, calling it the most democratic legal system to ever exist in the PRC. The pro-democratic bloc criticized it as not democratic enough. Patten emphasized the increase in democracy in Hong Kong through a series of measures that affected the election processes of both legislators and municipal officials. In 1994 the PRC announced that it would terminate Legislative Council (LegCo) in favor of the "provisional legislative council". In 1995 LegCo was passed and the Democratic Party denounced the provisional legislative council as illegal. The provisional legislative council operated from Shenzhen before the handover.

At midnight on 1 July 1997 the handover ceremony was held at the new wing of the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre at Wan Chai North. The flag of United Kingdom and the flag of the Crown colony were lowered. The flags of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and China were raised. This marked the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong from British colonial rule to Chinese rule. Participated guests in the ceremony included HRH The Prince of Wales, President of the People's Republic of China Jiang Zemin, the last Hong Kong Governor Chris Patten, and Tung Chee Hwa, the first Chief Executive of Hong Kong elected from a Beijing-Controlled election.

Demographics

Population

Population in 1995 and 1999 was 6.3 million and 6.9 million respectively [Chan, Shun-hing. Leung, Beatrice. [2003] (2003). Changing Church and State Relations in Hong Kong, 1950-2000. Hong Kong: HK university press. Page 24. ISBN 962-2096123] . A total of 44,000 illegal immigrants from mainland China were arrested and deported in 1993, with the number decreased to 35,500 a year later. Hong Kong's fertility rate also become the lowest in the world, having declined to just 5.1 child per population of 1,000 in 1996 [Fosh, Patricia. Chan, Andy. Chow, Wilson WS. Snape, Ed. Westwood, Robert. [2000] (2000) Hong Kong Management and Labour. United Kingdom: Routledge. ISBN 0415222699.] .

Emigration

In 1990, the outflow of people reached a peak of 62,000 people or about 1% of the population. The emigration rate would reach the peak in 1992 with 66,000 people, followed by 53,000 in 1993, and 62,000 in 1994. An estimated US $4.2 billion flowed from Hong Kong to Canada directly as a result [Manion, Melanie. [2004] (2004). Corruption by Design: Building Clean Government in Mainland China and Hong Kong. Harvard University press. ISBN 0674014863] . Many renowned tycoons in Hong Kong, such as the Shaw family, left Hong Kong for fear of adverse effects to the economy after the handover. Many Hong Kong citizens emigrated to Great Britain through the British Nationality Selection Scheme. Comparable number of families also moved to Australia, Canada, and the United States.

Foreign Domestic Workers

From the late 1980s to 1990s, Hong Kong's currency stabilized. The value of the Philippine peso was dropping steadily from 17 pesos in 1984 to 30 pesos in 1993 = US $1 [Constable, Nicole. Maid to Order in Hong Kong: Stories of Filipina Workers. ISBN 0801483824] . This caused a surge of Philippines workers going to Hong Kong in search of higher salaries under the "maid to order" services. The number of foreign workers grew from 9,000 in 1987 to 28,000 in 1992 and 32,000 in 1993. Women from the Philippines make up the majority with substantial numbers from Indonesia and Thailand. The term "fei yung" (菲傭) became associated with the helpers.

The families in need of the helpers generally have both parents working at full time positions. In 1993 households were required to have a combined income of HKD $15,000. The foreign workers essentially run all home affairs from cooking, ironing, cleaning and caring for the young and old in the household. Most household have 4 to 5 members including at least 1 child under the age of 12, some have elderly over 65 [Constable, Nicole. Maid to Order in Hong Kong: Stories of Filipina Workers. ISBN 0801483824] . The hiring of workers fueled a number of social debates. From the worker's perspective, problems range from unfair treatments, discrimination to low wages were raised. From the family perspective problems range from privacy invasion to abuse type cases. Newspapers, radios and TV broadcasts have covered the subjects on numerous accounts. To stir controversies, the media often claim traditional amah Chinese servants as superior workers [Constable, Nicole. Maid to Order in Hong Kong: Stories of Filipina Workers. ISBN 0801483824] .

Culture

Entertainment

The entertainment industry was essentially dominated by the Four Heavenly Kings of Cantopop including Aaron Kwok, Jacky Cheung, Andy Lau and Leon Lai. In the early stages in their career, Jacky Cheung and Leon Lai sang songs with Japanese melodies, but in the early to mid-1990s there was a public outcry for originality in local music. In 1993 the radio broadcasting company Commercial Radio, announced that it would play only locally-written music. The purpose was to encourage local musicians to write their own lyrics. Mark Lui was a popular composer by the late 1990s.

After 1997 the entertainment industry became integrated with Taiwan and mainland China. An example of this was the television drama Princess Pearl, which was produced in Taiwan and starred mainland actress Vicki Zhao. The show was broadcasted in Hong Kong in 1999 by ATV's Home Channel and became popular among overseas Chinese worldwide. Another example of a popular mainland pop star was Faye Wong. She was born in Beijing and began singing in Cantonese, but later sang in both Mandarin and Cantonese as her career grew.

Cinema

The Hong Kong film industry underwent several changes in the 1990s, especially with the emergence of the mo lei tau culture, which became synonymous with comedian Stephen Chow. Some critics claimed those films were made to alleviate social tension.

Law and Order

In 1999 Hong Kong's Court of Final Appeal ruled that children born on the mainland would be entitled the right of abode in Hong Kong so long as either parent was a HK permanent resident. This decision led to the government's reinterpretation of the Basic Law.

Economy

Finance

Three months after a peaceful handover in July 1997, Hong Kong was dragged into the Asian Financial Crisis. At one point the stock market fell by 22.8% within a week. Between the summer of 97 and 98, the leading shares in the Hang Seng Index lost nearly Fraction|2|3 of its value. The government had to intervene by buying billions of dollars worth of shares. While this may have prevented the market from collapsing and staved off pressure for the Hong Kong dollar to be depegged against the US dollar, the move was widely criticised as it undermined Hong Kong's status of a free market economy.

Real Estate

In 1998, the real estate bubble burst due to the government's housing policy, though the Asian financial crisis also had some influence. Upon the inauguration of Hong Kong SAR's first Chief Executive, Tung Chee Hwa announced the building of 85,000 flats a year, while reducing public housing wait time from 7 years to 3 years [ [http://www.tdctrade.com/econforum/sc/sc000701.htm "Hong Kong's Residential Property: Prices are Likely to Have Bottomed"] , Hong Kong Trade Development Council, 2000-07-06. Retrieved on 2007-01-29.] . These factors combined to begin the most severe recession in Hong Kong since 1967, which was a year of ambitious government projects that used up fiscal reserves on infrastructure and structural deficit.

Transportation

The Tsing Ma Bridge would become the world's sixth largest suspension bridge, opening on 27 April 1997. Spanning 1,377 metres (4,518 ft), it is also the largest of all bridges in the world carrying rail traffic.

In 1998 the Kai Tak Airport was closed. The new US $20 Billion Hong Kong International Airport opened for commercial use. The initial years of operation were challenging as it utilized state-of-the-art computer systems in just about every function imaginable. The scale and size of the airport also required many innovative solutions from the HK Airport Authority. Over time it became the central connecting point for many flights in the far east.

External links

* [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1990/Ukpga_19900034_en_1.htm Office of Public Sector Info]
* [http://www.unesco.org/most/apmrnwp7.htm Migration Issues in the Asia Pacific]
* [http://www.asianresearch.org/211,49,,1.html Asian Research: HK current issues]
* [http://www.asianresearch.org/articles/2153.html Asian Research: Beijing handles HK politics]
* [http://www.asianresearch.org/articles/871.html Asian Research: Foreign investment in HK]

References