Osteostraci

Osteostraci Temporal range: 428–359 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Middle Silurian to Late Devonian
Cephalaspis species
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Subphylum:	Vertebrata
(unranked):	Cephalaspidomorphi
Class:	Osteostraci Lankester, 1868
Orders
Cephalaspida Zenaspida Kiaeraspidida Benneviaspida Thyestiida
Synonyms
Osteostracida

The class Osteostraci ("Bony Shields") was a group of bony-armored jawless fish, termed "ostracoderms", that lived in what is now North America, Europe and Russia from the Middle Silurian to Late Devonian.

Anatomically speaking, the osteostracans, especially the Devonian species, were among the most advanced of all known agnathans. This is due to the development of paired fins, and their complicated cranial anatomy. The osteostracans were more similar to lampreys than to jawed vertebrates in possessing two pairs of semicircular canals in the inner ear, as opposed to the three pairs found in the inner ears of jawed vertebrates. They are thought to be the sister-group of pituriaspids, and together, these two taxa of jawless vertebrates are the sister-group of gnathostomes. Several synapomorphies support this hypothesis, such as the presence of: sclerotic ossicles, paired pectoral fins, a dermal skeleton with three layers (a basal layer of isopedin, a middle layer of spongy bone, and a superficial layer of dentin), and perichondral bone^[1].

Most osteostracans had a massive cephalothorac shield, but all Middle and Late Devonian species appear to have had a reduced, thinner, and often micromeric dermal skeleton. This reduction may have occurred at least three times independently because the pattern of reduction is different in each taxon^[2].

They were probably relatively good swimmers, possessing dorsal fins, paired pectoral fins, and a strong tail. The shield of bone covering the head formed a single piece, and so presumably did not grow during adult life. However, the way in which the bone was laid down makes it possible to examine the imprints of nerves and other soft tissues. This reveals the presence of complex sensory organs and the sides and upper surface of the head, which may have been used to sense vibrations.^[3]

Notes

1. ^ Sansom, R. S., 2009, Phylogeny, classification and character polarity of the Osteostraci (Vertebrata)Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7(1): 95–115.
2. ^ Otto, M. and Laurin, M., 2001, Microanatomy of the dermal skeleton of Balticaspis latvica (Osteostraci, Middle Devonian)Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21(1): 186–189.
3. ^ Palmer, D., ed (1999). The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals. London: Marshall Editions. p. 24. ISBN 1-84028-152-9. 

References

• Janvier, Philippe. Early Vertebrates Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-854047-7
• Long, John A. The Rise of Fishes: 500 Million Years of Evolution Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-8018-5438-5

External links

• Natural History of Vertebrates Lecture Notes: Chapter 3 - Jawless Vertebrates and the Origin of Jawed Vertebrates