Edward Despard

Edward Marcus Despard (1751 – 21 February 1803) was an Irish soldier who served in the British Army. During the American War of Independence. Despard led a force to victory at the Battle of the Black River, securing the British presence on the Mosquito Coast. Following the war Despard was appointed Superintendent of what became British Honduras. He was recalled to London in 1790 after questions were raised about his conduct. Despard soon found himself in jail for debt. He later took up revolutionary politics and was executed for high treason for his part in the failed Despard Plot.

Early life

He was born into a Protestant family in Mountrath, Queens County, Ireland, in 1751. He was one of five brothers all of whom except the eldest, who intherited the family estate, served in the British military.^[1] His elder brother John Despard (1745-1829) was an army officer who rose to the rank of full General.

Early career

In 1766 he entered the British British Army as an Ensign in the 50th Foot.^[2] He was promoted to Lieutenant in 1772, and stationed at Jamaica, where he soon proved himself to have considerable engineering talent. When the American War of Independence broke out the regiment, heavily understength, remained in the West Indies rather than joining the army of William Howe attempting to supress the rebellion.^[3] He served in the West Indies with credit, being promoted captain after the San Juan expedition (1780).

Honduras

Main article: Battle of the Black River

In 1782 he commanded a successful expedition to recover the British settlement of Black River on the Mosquito Coast of present-day Honduras that the Spanish had taken. He was subsequently made Superintendent of the Bay of Honduras (present-day Belize).

He administered this British enclave until 1790 when, he had married a young black woman and staked his reputation on giving the same rights to freed slaves as to white settlers. This however did not go down to well with some of the settlers. These settlers then sent letters of protest to London and as result Despard was summoned back to London to explain himself. He was suspended by Home Secretary Lord Grenville and recalled to England. From 1790 to 1792 these charges were investigated, and he was suspended on half pay with his expenses from the Bay of Honduras withheld. Pursued by a further law suit from his enemies in the Bay, he was arrested and confined in the King's Bench debtor's prison from 1792 to 1794.

Radical

On his release he joined the London Corresponding Society. In 1798 was arrested on suspicion of involvement in the Irish Rebellion. Habeas Corpus had been suspended in 1794, and Despard was held without trial for nearly three years in a succession of prisons, notably Coldbath Fields Prison in Clerkenwell, until he was released without charge in 1801.

Despard Plot

Main article: Despard Plot

In late 1802 he was named by government informers and disaffected soldiers as a member of a conspiracy engaged in a plot to seize the Tower of London and Bank of England and assassinate George III. The evidence was thin but Despard was arrested and prosecuted by Attorney General Spencer Perceval, before Lord Ellenborough, the Lord Chief Justice. Despite a dramatic appearance by Lord Nelson as character witness on his behalf, Despard was found guilty by the jury of high treason, and sentenced, with six of his fellow-conspirators (John Wood and John Francis, both privates in the army, carpenter Thomas Broughton, shoemaker James Sedgwick Wratton, slater Arthur Graham, and John Macnamara),^[4] to be hanged, drawn and quartered. It was the last time that anyone was sentenced to be hanged, drawn and quartered in England. Prior to execution the sentence was commuted to simple hanging and beheading, amid fears that the draconian punishment might spark public dissent. Despard was executed on the roof of the gatehouse at Horsemonger Lane Gaol, in front of a crowd of at least 20,000 spectators, on 21 February 1803.

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

1. ^ Oman p.2
2. ^ Oman p.2
3. ^ Oman p.2-3
4. ^ Horsemonger Lane Gaol

Bibliography

• Chavez, Thomas E. Spain and the Independence of the United States: An Intrinsic Gift. University of New Mexico Press, 2003.
• Conner, Clifford D., "Colonel Despard: The Life and Times of an Anglo-Irish Rebel" (Combined Publishing 2000)
• Jay, Mike, The Unfortunate Colonel Despard (Bantam Press 2004)
• Oman, Charles William Chadwick. Unfortunate Colonel Despard and Other Studies. Burt Franklin, 1922.

Government offices
Preceded by James Lawrie	Superintendent of British Honduras 1787–1790	Succeeded by Peter Hunter

Persondata
Name	Despard, Edward
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1751
Place of birth
Date of death	21 February 1803
Place of death