John Sims Reeves

John Sims Reeves (21 October 1821 [Date thus in J. Sims Reeves, "The Life of J. Sims Reeves, Written by Himself" (Simpkin, Marshall & Co, London 1888, p. 15). C. E. Pearce, in "Sims Reeves - Fifty Years of Music in England" (Stanley Paul, London 1924, pp. 17-18), (followed by most) shows a Woolwich parish baptism record (not birth) for 26 September 1818, of a John Reeves. Accepting this makes Reeves and his oldest friends' statements unreliable and postpones his voice breaking to age 16 against direct statement this occurred age 12 (ibid. p. 20). John Reeves (1818) was possibly a sibling deceased before 1821.] – 25 October 1900), usually called simply Sims Reeves, was the foremost English operatic, oratorio and ballad tenor vocalist of the mid-Victorian era.

Reeves began his singing career in 1838 but continued his vocal studies until 1847. He soon established himself on the opera and concert stage and became known for his interpretation of ballads. He continued singing through the 1880s and later taught and wrote about singing.

Musical beginnings

Sims Reeves was born in Shooter's Hill, in Greater London, England. His parents were John Reeves, a musician of Yorkshire origin, and his wife, Rosina. He received his earliest musical education from his father, a bass soloist in the Royal Artillery Band, and probably through the bandmaster, George McKenzie. [C. Pearce 1924, pp. 18-22.] By the age of fourteen he was been appointed choirmaster of North Cray church and performed organist's duties. [J. Sims Reeves, "The Life of J. Sims Reeves, Written by Himself" (Simpkin, Marshall & Co, London 1888, p. 16.] He seems to have studied medicine for a year but changed his mind when he gained his adult voice: it was at first a baritone. He also learnt oboe, bassoon, violin, and violoncello and other instruments. He later studied piano under Johann Baptist Cramer. [Reeves 1888, p. 16.]

He made his earliest appearance at Newcastle in 1838 or 1839 [See Pearce 1924, pp. 28-30.] as the Gipsy boy in H. R. Bishop's "Guy Mannering", and as Count Rodolfo in "La sonnambula" (baritone parts). Later he performed at the Grecian Saloon, London, under the name of Johnson.Biddlecombe, George. [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23308 "Reeves, (John) Sims (1818–1900)",] "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 26 September 2008, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23308] He continued to study voice with Messrs. Hobbs and T. Cooke and appeared under William Charles Macready's management at Drury Lane (1841-1843) in subordinate parts in spoken theatre and in Henry Purcell's "King Arthur" ("Come if you dare"), "Der Freischütz" (as Ottokar), and "Acis and Galatea" in 1842 when Händel's pastoral was mounted on the stage with William Clarkson Stanfield's scenery. [Pearce 1924, p. 44.]

In summer 1843 Reeves studied in Paris under the tenor and pedagogue Marco Bordogni of the Paris Conservatoire. Bordogni was responsible for opening and developing the upper (tenor) octave of his voice into the famous rich and brilliant head notes. [Pearce 1924, p. 37).] From October 1843 to January 1844 Reeves appeared in a very varied programme of musical drama, including the roles of Elvino in "La Sonnambula" and Tom Tug in Charles Dibdin's "The Waterman", at the Manchester theatre, and over the next two years also performed in Dublin, Liverpool and elsewhere in the provinces. [Pearce 1924, pp. 68-74.] In the same period, especially from 1845, he continued his studies abroad, notably under Alberto Mazzucato (1813-1877), the dramatic composer and teacher then newly appointed singing instructor at the Milan Conservatory. [Reeves 1888, p. 32: Rosenthal & Warrack 1974, p. 331.]

His debut in Italian opera was made on 29 October 1846 at La Scala in Milan as Edgardo in Donizetti's "Lucia di Lammermoor", partnered by Catherine Hayes: he got a fine reception, and Giovanni Rubini paid his respects in person. [Reeves 1888, p. 33.] (This role became Reeves's greatest, and his wife therefore nicknamed him 'Gardie'.) [Santley 1909, pp. 83-87.] For six months he sang at the principal Italian opera houses, and finally in Vienna, where he was rescued from his contract and returned to England. [Pearce 1924, pp. 83-84.]

English debuts in opera and concert

He returned to London in 1847, appearing in May at a benefit concert for William Vincent Wallace, and in June at one of the 'Antient Concerts'. In September 1847 he sang in Edinburgh with Jenny Lind. His first principal role on the English operatic stage was with Louis Jullien's English Opera company at Drury Lane Theatre in December 1847 in "Lucia", in English text, with Mme Dorus Gras (Lucia) and Willoughby Weiss, winning winning immediate and near-universal acclaim, not least from Hector Berlioz, who conducted the performance. (Berlioz mistook him for an Irishman.) [Reeves 1888, pp. 60-65.] In the same season, in Balfe's "The Maid of Honour" (based on the subject of Flotow's "Marta"), he created the part of Lyonnel. [Reeves 1888, pp. 65-68.] In May 1848 he joined Benjamin Lumley's company at Her Majesty's Theatre and sang "Linda di Chamounix" with Mme Tadiolini, but he severed the connection when Italo Gardoni was brought in to sing Edgardo in "Lucia" opposite Jenny Lind. [Pearce 1924, pp. 117-23.] But that autumn in Manchester he sang in "Lucia" and "La Sonnambula", days after Lind appeared in the same works there, and Reeves obtained the better houses. [Pearce 1924, pp. 128-29.] Reeves sang "La Sonnambula" and "Lucia" at Covent Garden in October.

In oratorio, Reeves first sang "The Messiah" in Glasgow, Scotland, during 1844. [Pearce 1924, p. 69.] In February 1848 he sang Handel's "Judas Maccabaeus", at Exeter Hall for John Hullah, "Acis and Galatea" in March and "Jephtha" in April and May. [Reeves 1888, pp. 80-81; Pearce 1924, pp. 112-14.] He was, meanwhile establishing himself as the leading ballad-singer in England. In September 1848 at the Worcester festival he took a solo in "Elijah", and sang in Beethoven's "Christ on the Mount of Olives", and packed the hall in a recital of "Oberon". [Pearce 1924, pp. 124-27.] At the Norwich Festival he was sensational in "Elijah" and "Israel in Egypt". After his November appearance at the Sacred Harmonic Society in "Judas Maccabaeus", a critic wrote, 'the mantle of Braham is destined to fall' (on Reeves). [Reeves 1888, p. 82. Braham made his formal farewell to the public in 1839.] Critic H. F. Chorley wrote that Reeves had created 'a positive revolution in the interpretation of Handel's oratorios.' [Reeves 1888, p. 83.]

Italian opera

Reeves toured in Dublin at Theatre Royal in 1849, for Mr Calcraft. After his successful engagement he attended the debut there of the Irish soprano Catherine Hayes, in "Lucia": her "Edgardo", Sig. Paglieri, was hissed from the stage, and Reeves was obliged to stand in for the performance. [Reeves 1888, pp. 125-34.] His London Covent Garden Italian debut was in 1849, as "Elvino" in Bellini's "La Sonnambula", opposite Fanny Persiani (Tacchinardi) (the creator of the title role in "Lucia"): he made a great effect of full lyrical declamation in "Tutto e sciolto... Ah! perche non posso odiarti?". After his "Edgardo" in "Lucia", Reeves' "Elvino" was generally considered his finest role in Italian opera. [Reeves 1888, pp. 161-65.] In the winter of 1849 he returned to English opera, and in 1850 at Her Majesty's he made a further great success in Verdi's Ernani, opposite the "Elvira" of Mdlle Parodi and "Carlo" of Giovanni Belletti, [Reeves 1888, pp. 175-77.] who was about to embark on an American tour at the invitation of Jenny Lind. In encores, the cry of 'Reeves!' became widespread.

On 2 November 1850, he married Charlotte Emma Lucombe (1823–1895), a soprano who had a brief but brilliant season at the Sacred Harmonic Society and had joined the same company as Reeves at Covent Garden. [Reeves 1888, pp. 177-78.] There she appeared with success as Haydee in Auber's opera, and remained on the stage for four or five years after their marriage. Emma Reeves idolised her husband and in later years became almost obsessively attentive to his comfort and reputation. [Santley 1909, pp. 79-87: Mapleson 1888, I, pp. 74-76.] In February 1851 they returned to Dublin, where Reeves was to have performed with the soprano Giulia Grisi: she, however, was indisposed, and Mr. and Mrs. Reeves appeared together there instead in the lead roles in "Lucia di Lammermoor", "La Sonnambula", "Ernani" and Bellini's "I Puritani". Reeves also played there "Macheath" in the "Beggar's Opera." [Reeves 1888, p. 190.] Emma and Sims Reeves had five children, of whom Herbert Sims Reeves and Constance Sims Reeves became professional singers.

Dublin was followed immediately by Lumley engagements at the "Théâtre des Italiens", Paris, where he sang "Ernani", Carlo in "Linda di Chamounix" (opposite Henriette Sontag) and "Gennaro" in Donizetti's "Lucrezia Borgia". [Reeves 1888, pp. 201-02.] In 1851 Reeves sang Florestan in "Fidelio" to Cruvelli's Leonore, and outshone her. [Chorley 1862, II, p. 142.]

1850s: focus on concerts

During the next three decades, Reeves was the leading tenor in Britain. He had the honor of singing privately for Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Michael Costa, Arthur Sullivan and the other leading British composers of the period wrote tenor parts specifically for him. He could command fees as high as £200 per week for his appearances.

Reeves was generous to younger singers, and this generosity later redounded to his own benefit. In around 1850, Reeves gave encouragement to James Henry Mapleson, who applied to him for advice as a singer, sending him off to study with Mazzucato at the Milan conservatory. [Mapleson 1888, I, p. 4.] In 1855 he gave the young Charles Santley friendly encouragement, recommending that he should contact Lamperti in his forthcoming studies in Italy, [Santley 1893, p. 60.] and they were afterwards introduced during the interval of a Royal Philharmonic concert. [Santley 1892, p. 36.] Reeves's concert association with Santley continued until the last year of his life. Mapleson, who became an important theatre manager, promoted Reeves's operatic appearances of the 1860s.

During the 1850s, Reeves's career moved away from the stage and increasingly focused upon concert work. Reeves sang throughout the English provinces. Michael Costa (afterwards "Sir" Michael) composed two oratorios for the triennial Birmingham Festival with lead tenor parts written for Reeves. The first, "Eli", was presented in 1855, and (unusually in oratorio) encores were demanded. The effect of the solo and chorus "Philistines, Hark the Trumpet Sounding" was electric, and was witnessed in the audience by the three great Italian tenors Mario, Gardoni and Enrico Tamberlik with astonishment. [Reeves 1888, pp. 214-16.]

Reeves scored his greatest triumphs in oratorio at the Handel Festivals at The Crystal Palace. At the inaugural festival of June 1857 he delivered "Messiah", "Israel in Egypt" and "Judas Maccabaeus", and these were repeated at the Handel centennial festival of 1859, when he was in company with Willoughby Weiss, Clara Novello, Mme Sainton-Dolby and Giovanni Belletti. In "Sound an Alarm" during that festival, Reeves created a sensation, and the audience stood to applaud him. Yet the "Musical World" considered that his "The Enemy Said" from "Israel in Egypt" surpassed even that, and was the vocal feat of the festival. [Reeves 1888, pp. 229-31.]

Return to the stage

After a period of absence from the stage, in 1859-60 an English version of Gluck's "Iphigénie en Tauride" by H. F. Chorley was presented by Charles Hallé at Manchester, with Reeves, Charles Santley, Belletti and Catherine Hayes, and two private performances were also given at the Park Lane home of Lord Ward. [Santley 1892, p. 169.] Mapleson had obtained Reeves, Santley and Helen Lemmens-Sherrington for a summer and winter season from Benjamin Lumley, and in 1860 they had a major success in George Macfarren's "Robin Hood" (text by John Oxenford) at Her Majesty's, again under Hallé's direction. This new composition had several very effective passages written for Reeves in his role as Locksley, including "Englishmen by birth are free", "The grasping, rasping Norman race", "Thy gentle voice would lead me on", and a grand prison scena. [Reeves 1888, pp. 214 and 220-228.] This proved more successful in ticket sales than the alternate Italian nights of "Il Trovatore" and "Don Giovanni" despite the rival attractions of the soprano Therese Tietjens and the tenor Antonio Giuglini.

In 1862, Reeves presented "Mazeppa", a cantata written for him by Michael Balfe. [Reeves 1888, p. 231.] In July 1863 Reeves appeared for Mapleson as Huon in "Oberon" - the role written for Braham - with Tietjens, Marietta Alboni, Zelia Trebelli, Alessandro Bettini, Edouard Gassier and Santley. [Santley 1892, pp. 199-200.] After touring that winter as Huon, Edgardo and in the title role of Gounod's "Faust", (with Tietjens) in Dublin, in 1864 he appeared at Her Majesty's in "Faust" and was especially complimented for the dramatic instinct of Faust's soliloquy in Act I and the superb energy of the duet with Mephistopheles which closes the Act. Reeves's reviewer in this role remarks on the fine condition of his voice at this date. [Reeves 1888, pp. 231-33: Santley 1892, pp. 201-03 and 206-07.] Although the critic Eduard Hanslick was "told" that the voice had already 'gone' in 1862, [Quoted by M. Scott 1977, p. 49.] Hermann Klein thought that it was still in its prime in 1866: 'a more exquisite illustration of what is termed the true Italian tenor quality it would be impossible to imagine: and this delicious sweetness, this rare combination of 'velvety' richness with ringing timbre, he retained in diminishing volume almost to the last.' [Klein 1903, pp. 460-61.]

Oratorio and cantata

In around 1864, at St James's Hall, Reeves took part in what he believed was the first complete performance in England of the "St Matthew Passion" of J. S. Bach. This was under William Sterndale Bennett, with Mme Lemmens-Sherrington, Mme Sainton-Dolby, and Willoughby Weiss. Of this performance Reeves (who usually respected a composer's scoring absolutely) wrote:

'The tenor part... is in many places so unvocal, and the intervals are so awkward to take, that I was obliged to re-note it: without, of course, disturbing the accents or making it in any way unsuitable to the existing harmony. As soon as I had finished my work, to which I had devoted the greatest possible care, I submitted it to Bennett, who, except in one place, approved of all that I had done; and it was my version of the tenor part which was sung at Bennett's memorable performance, and which is still sung even to this day.' [S. Reeves 1889, pp. 178-79.]

In Michael Costa's second oratorio for Reeves, "Naaman" (first performed autumn 1864), the soloists were Reeves, Adelina Patti (her first appearance in oratorio), Miss Palmer, and Santley. The quartet "Honour and Glory" was repeated by immediate and spontaneous demand. [Reeves 1888, pp. 216-19.] Both oratorios probably owed their original success, and later comparative obscurity, to the fact that Reeves was their ideal interpreter, and with changing vocal fashions no successor could replace him adequately.Fact|date=September 2008 In 1869 Reeves, Santley and Tietjens sang in the premiere of Arthur Sullivan's cantata "The Prodigal Son", at the Worcester Festival. Santley considered Reeves's performance of the passage "I will arise and go to my father" a once-in-a-lifetime experience. [Santley 1892, pp. 277-78.] Reeves also sang in the premiere of Sullivan's oratorio, "The Light of the World", together with with Tietjens, Trebelli, and Santley. [ [http://diamond.boisestate.edu/gas/other_sullivan/light_world/html/index.html Introduction to "The Light of the World",] The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive (2008)]

Reeves claimed close and primary association with several of the great tenor leads in the oratorios of Handel and Mendelssohn. The songs "Men, Brothers and Fathers, Hearken to me" (from "St Paul"), and "The Enemy has Said" and "Sound an Alarm" ("Judas Maccabaeus") were particular favourites, [Reeves 1888, pp. 219-20,] and his friend Rev Archer Gurney also extolled his "Waft her, angels" ("Jephthah"), his Samson and his Acis ("Love in her eyes sits playing"). [Reeves 1888, pp. 203-05: see also Klein 1903, pp. 7 and 462.]

The concert pitch debate

Reeves's declamation in The Crystal Palace was a main attraction and was repeated at each succeeding triennial festival until 1874. During the later 1860s Reeves felt it necessary to make public representations against the constantly increasing rise in English Concert Pitch, which was by then half a tone higher than elsewhere in Europe and a full tone higher than in the age of Gluck. The pitch of the organ at the Birmingham Festival was (of necessity) lowered, after a similar reduction had been forced by senior artistes at Drury Lane. Singers such as Adelina Patti and Christine Nilsson made similar demands. However Sir Michael Costa resisted the change, and Reeves finally withdrew his services from the Crystal Palace Handel Festivals, performed by the Sacred Harmonic Society, before the 1877 festival. For this reason he did not appear with the Sacred Harmonic Society thereafter. [Reeves 1888, pp. 242-52.: cf also ODNB.]

Later years

Reeves continued until the 1880s, without any break, to sing for the Sacred Harmonic Society. In the winter of 1878-1879, he appeared with immense success in "The Beggar's Opera" and in "The Waterman", at Covent Garden. [Reeves 1888, pp. 213-14 and 252-55.] Edward Lloyd, who took Reeves's place as principal tenor at the Handel Festivals, sang with him, and with the tenor Ben Davies, in a performance of the trio for tenor voices 'Evviva Bacco' by Curschmann, at a concert in St James's Hall in 1889. [Pearce 1924, p. 24.]

Reeves's retirement from public life, at first announced as to take place in 1882, did not actually occur until 1891. Then a farewell concert for his benefit was given at the Royal Albert Hall in which Reeves himself performed, supported by Christine Nilsson (who on this occasion refrained from slapping him on the back in congratulation), and at which he received a eulogy from Sir Henry Irving. George Bernard Shaw remarked that even then, in such Handelian airs as "Total Eclipse" ("Samson"), 'he can still leave the next best tenor in England an immeasurable distance behind.' [Shaw 1932, i, pp. 191-92.] The song "Come into the garden, Maud", which Balfe had written for him in 1857, appeared often in his late concerts. [Scott, Derek B. [http://www.victorianweb.org/mt/parlorsongs/8.html "Come into the Garden, Maud" (1857),] "The Victorian Web", 10 September 2007]

It is certain that Reeves stayed before the public long after his greatest powers had waned. He invested his savings in an unfortunate speculation, and he was compelled to reappear in public for a number of years. In his later career, he frequently withdrew from promised appearances owing to the effects of colds on his fragile vocal equipment, and through an unhappy susceptibility to the effects of nervousness. This also caused him financial difficulties: Besides the loss of income from the engagements, legal judgments for failure to perform were rendered against him, including in 1869 and 1871. The accusation (which gained some currency) that he was given to drink was disavowed by his friend Sir Charles Santley. [Santley 1909, pp. 88-97.]

In 1890 Shaw stated that Reeves's many cancelled appearances were made entirely for the sake of pure artistic integrity 'which few appreciate fully', but left him at the head of his profession, and had required enormous efforts of artistic conviction, courage, and self-respect. He wrote of a performance of Blumenthal's "The Message", 'In spite of all his husbandry, he has but few notes left now; yet the wonderfully telling effect and unique quality of those few still justify him as the one English singer who has worked in his own way, and at all costs, to attain and preserve ideal perfection of tone.' [G.B. Shaw 1932, i, p. 191.]

Klein said much the same as Shaw: 'To hear him, long after he had passed the age of seventy, sing "Adelaide" or "Deeper and Deeper Still" or "The Message" was an exposition of breath control, of tone-colouring, of phrasing and expression, that may truly be described as unique.' [Klein 1903, p. 462.] Reeves sang in two concerts in the first season of The Proms, at Queen's Hall in 1895 (at which, of course the lower continental pitch was employed). They were the only two concerts of that season that were sold out: all the others made at least £50 loss. [R. Elkin, "Queen's Hall 1893-1944" (Rider, London 1944), p. 25.]

In 1888, Reeves published "Sims Reeves, his Life and Recollections", followed by "My Jubilee, or, Fifty Years of Artistic Life" in 1889. At the same time, he became a teacher at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama. His 1900 book, "On the Art of Singing", describes his pedagogic methods. After the death of his wife in 1895, he quickly remarried one of his students, Lucy Maud Madeleine Richard (b. 1873), and the couple toured South Africa the next year. Reeves died in Worthing, England, on 25 October 1900 and was cremated at Woking.

Vocal example and legacy

Braham's "The Death of Nelson" was prominent in Reeves' concert repertoire. Reeves was naturally aware that his career mirrored that of Braham, and remarked that, like Braham, his success had been many-sided, in opera, oratorio and ballad concerts. [Reeves 1888, p. 214.] The coincidence that his career had begun in the year of Braham's retirement, 1839, and the early reviews saying that he would inherit Braham's mantle, both shaped a prophesy and helped to fulfil it. Braham was a virtuoso of the old Italian school, able to deliver florid passages with intensity, accuracy and declamatory power. In 'assuming his mantle', Reeves consciously imitated his breadth of repertoire, and at his best had a very powerful and flexible declamation combined with great sweetness of tone and melodic power. Shaw classed his 'beautiful firmness and purity of tone' with Patti's and Santley's. [Shaw 1932, iii, pp. 255-56.]

In the Handel tenor roles, his immediate successor in the Crystal Palace performances, until 1900, was the English tenor Edward Lloyd, who recorded "Sound an Alarm", "Lend me your Aid" (Gounod - "Reine de Saba"), the tenor solos from "Elijah", Braham's "Death of Nelson", Dibdin's "Tom Bowling" and ballads of the declamatory style (such as Frederic Clay's "I'll sing thee songs of Araby"; "Alice, Where art thou?" and "Come into the Garden, Maud") - all closely identified with Reeves - in the first years of the twentieth century. [Scott 1977.] Lloyd, and his contemporary Ben Davies, both declaim with a marked lack of vibrato, a true attack (without "coup de glotte"), and portamento, which may echo Reeves's, and perhaps even Braham's style.Fact|date=September 2008

Reeves was a member of the Garrick Club, where in his younger days he associated with Thackeray, Dickens, Talfourd, Charles Kemble, Charles Kean, Albert Smith and Shirley Brooks. [Reeves 1889, pp. 146-47.]

References

Sources

* H. F. Chorley, "Thirty Years' Musical Recollections" (Hurst and Blackett, London 1862).
* H. S. Edwards, "The life and artistic career of Sims Reeves" (1881)
* R. Elkin, "Queen's Hall 1893-1941" (Rider, London 1944)
* Arthur Jacobs, "Arthur Sullivan: a Victorian musician", 2nd edn (Constable & Co, London 1992)
* R. H. Legge and W. E. Hansell, "Annals of the Norfolk and Norwich triennial musical festivals" (1896), pp. 116 and 144
* J. H. Mapleson, "The Mapleson Memoirs, 2 vols" (Belford, Clarke & Co, Chicago and New York 1888).
* Charles E. Pearce, "Sims Reeves - Fifty Years of Music in England" (Stanley Paul, 1924)
* S. Reeves, 1888, "Sims Reeves, His Life and Recollections, Written by Himself" (8th Edn, London 1888).
* S. Reeves, "My Jubilee: Or, Fifty Years of Artistic Life" (Music Publishing Co. Ltd, London 1889).
* S. Reeves, "On the art of singing" (1900)
* C. Santley, 1892, "Student and Singer, The Reminiscences of Charles Santley" (Edward Arnold, London 1892).
* C. Santley, 1909, "Reminiscences of my Life" (London, Pitman).
* M. Scott, 1977, "The Record of Singing to 1914" (London, Duckworth), 48-49.
* G.B. Shaw, 1932, "Music in London 1890-94 by Bernard Shaw", Standard Edition 3 Vols
*"The Athenaeum", 7 November 1868, p. 610; and 3 November 1900, p. 586

External links

* [http://math.boisestate.edu/gas/other_sullivan/songs/sigh/no_more.html "Sigh no more, Ladies",] The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive (2004) (a song dedicated by Sullivan to Reeves in 1866, with photograph of, and information about, Reeves)
* [http://diamond.boisestate.edu/gas/other_sullivan/songs/once/again.html "Once Again",] The Gilbert and Sullivan Archive (2004) (a song written "expressly for" Reeves by Sullivan in 1872)
* [http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?LinkID=mp03740 Portraits of Sims Reeves (NPG)]