Harpers Ferry National Historical Park

Infobox_protected_area | name = Harpers Ferry National Historical Park
iucn_category = V

---

caption =
locator_x = 237
locator_y = 75
location = Jefferson County, West Virginia, Washington County, Maryland, and Loudoun County, Virginia, USA
nearest_city = Charles Town, West Virginia
lat_degrees = 39
lat_minutes = 19
lat_seconds = 22
lat_direction = N
long_degrees = 77
long_minutes = 43
long_seconds = 47
long_direction = W
area = 2,287.48 acres (9.26 km²)
established = June 30, 1944
visitation_num = 254,329
visitation_year = 2007
governing_body = National Park Service

Harpers Ferry National Historical Park is located at the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah rivers in and around Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. The park includes land in the adjacent states of Maryland and Virginia. The park is managed by the National Park Service, an agency of the U.S. Department of the Interior. Originally designated a National Monument in 1944, the park was declared a National Historical Park by the U.S. Congress in 1963. The park includes the historic town of Harpers Ferry, notable as a center of 19th century industry and as the scene of John Brown's abolitionist uprising. Consisting of almost 4,000 acres, the land marks the site on which Thomas Jefferson once said, "The passage of the Patowmac through the Blue Ridge is perhaps one of the most stupendous scenes in Nature" after visiting the area in 1783. Due to a mixture of historical events and ample recreational opportunities, all within 50 miles (80 km) of Washington, D.C., the park has over one million visitors annually. The park was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15, 1966.

Early history

Native American history in the region dates back at least 8,000 years. The Tuscarora Indians were the last native peoples known to inhabit the area in large numbers, essentially vanishing due to disease and conflict with White settlers in the early 18th century. Robert Harper obtained a patent for the land from the Virginia legislature in 1751. (Prior to 1863, West Virginia was part of Virginia). The town was originally known as Shenandoah Falls at Mr. Harper's Ferry (1763) due to the ferry Robert Harper owned and operated.

Today, the original house built by Robert Harper is the oldest remaining structure in the lower part of the park. Though it is believed that George Washington visited the area earlier, his trip to the rivers' confluence in 1785, searching for a waterway to ship goods westward, is his earliest mention of the area. Washington later directed that the Federal Harpers Ferry Armory be constructed on the site, utilizing the abundant water power needed for manufacturing purposes.

Meriwether Lewis, under government contract, procured most of the weaponry and associated hardware that would be needed for the Lewis and Clark Expedition at the armory in Harpers Ferry. Blacksmiths also built a collapsible iron boat frame for the expedition. Between the years 1820 to 1840, John H. Hall worked to perfect the manufacturing of interchangeable parts at the armory. Utilizing precision molds and jigs, this was one of the birthplaces of precision manufacturing so that armaments and related mechanical equipment could be standardized and parts would be interchangeable. Subsequently, the development of the modern bullet to replace the round lead slug was achieved by James H. Burton and this improvement was adopted by the U.S. Army in 1855. Employing at times up to 400 workers, the armory produced over half a million muskets and rifles between 1801 and 1860.

John Brown's Raid

Abolitionist John Brown led an armed group in the capture of the armory in 1859. Brown had hoped he would be able to arm the slaves and lead them against U.S. forces in a rebellion to overthrow slavery. After his capture in the armory by a group of marines (led by U.S. Army Colonel Robert E. Lee), Brown was hanged, predicting in his last words that civil war was looming on the horizon, a prediction that came true less than two years later. The most important building remaining from John Brown's raid is the firehouse, now called John Brown's Fort where he resisted the Marines.

Harpers Ferry and the American Civil War

The American Civil War (1861–1865) found Harpers Ferry right on the boundary between the Union and Confederate forces. The strategic position along this border and the valuable manufacturing base was a coveted strategic goal for both sides, but particularly the South due to its lack of manufacturing centers. Consequently, the town exchanged hands no less than eight times during the course of the war. Union forces abandoned the town immediately after the state of Virginia seceded from the Union, burning the armory and seizing 15,000 rifles. Colonel Thomas J. Jackson, who would later become known as "Stonewall", secured the region for the Confederates a week later and shipped most of the manufacturing implements south. Jackson spent the next two months preparing his troops and building fortifications, but was ordered to withdraw south and east to assist P.G.T. Beauregard at the First Battle of Bull Run. Union troops returned in force, occupying the town and began to rebuild parts of the armory. Stonewall Jackson, now a major general, returned in September 1862 under orders from Robert E. Lee to retake the arsenal and then to join Lee's army north in Maryland. Jackson's assault on the Federal forces at Harpers Ferry led to the capitulation of 12,500 Union troops, which was the largest number of Union prisoners taken at one time during the war. The town exchanged hands several more times over the next two years.

torer College

Storer College was built in Harpers Ferry as one of the first integrated schools in the U.S. Frederick Douglass served as a trustee of the college, and delivered a memorable oration on the subject of John Brown there in 1881. Subsequent rulings known as Jim Crow Laws led other African American leaders such as Dr. W.E.B. Du Bois to hold a Niagara Movement (an early form of the NAACP) conference at the school in 1906 to discuss ways to peacefully combat legalized discrimination and segregation. After the end of school segregation in 1954, Storer College closed the following year. What remains of the Storer College campus is now administered by the National Park Service, as part of Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, Harpers Ferry Center, and the Stephen T. Mather Training Center.

The park today

Several historical museums now occupy restored 19th century buildings in the Lower Town Historic District of Harpers Ferry. North of the park and across the Potomac from Harpers Ferry is the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, which operated from 1828 to 1924. The canal provided a vital waterway link with areas up and downstream prior to and during the early years after the arrival of the railroad. Today, the park can be accessed via U.S. Highway 340. Aside from the extensive historical interests of the park, recreational opportunities include fishing, boating, and whitewater rafting as well as hiking, with the Appalachian Trail passing right through the park. The park adjoins the Harpers Ferry Historic District, as well as two other National Register of Historic Places locations: St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church and the B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing.

Modern park gallery

External links

*cite web | last = National Park Service | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.nps.gov/hafe/ | title = Harpers Ferry National Historical Park | format = | work = | publisher = U.S. Department of the Interior | accessdate = 2006-06-29 | accessyear =
*cite web | last = National Park Service | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.nps.gov/hafe/aerial.htm | title = Aerial View of Harpers Ferry | format = | work = Maps and Information | publisher = U.S. Department of the Interior | accessdate = 2006-06-29 | accessyear =
*cite web | last = National Park Service | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.nps.gov/hafe/maps/index.htm | title = Harpers Ferry Park Map | format = | work = Maps and Information | publisher = U.S. Department of the Interior | accessdate = 2006-06-29 | accessyear =
*cite web | last = TopoQuest | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.topoquest.com/map.asp?z=18&n=4356428&e=264014&s=50&size=l&u=7&datum=nad83&layer=DRG25 | title = Barr Spring, USGS Harpers Ferry | format = | work = | publisher = USGS | accessdate = 2008-07-04 | accessyear =