Trova

Trova is one of the great roots of the Cuban music tree. In the 19th century there grew up in Oriente, and especially Santiago de Cuba, a group of itinerant musicians, troubadors, who moved around earning their living by singing and playing the guitar. [Canizares, Dulcila 1995. "La trova tradicional". 2nd ed, La Habana.] According to one writer, to qualify as a trovador in Cuba, a person should a) sing songs of his own composition, or of others of the same kind; b) accompany himself on the guitar; and c) deal poetically with the song ["Trata de poetizar con su canto" in the original. Nicola, Noel 1975. Por qué nueva trova? "El Caimán Barbudo" #92, p10-12.] This definition fits best the singers of boleros, and less well the Afrocubans singing funky sones (El Guayabero) or even guaguancós and abakuá (Chicho Ibáñez). It rules out, perhaps unfairly, such as Bola de Nieve, who always accompanied himself on the piano.

Probably, this kind of life had been going on for some time; but it comes into focus when we learn about named individuals who left their marks on Cuban popular music.

Trova musicians have played an important part in the evolution of Cuban popular music. Collectively, they have been prolific as composers, and have provided a start for many later musicians whose career lay in larger groupings. Socially, they reached every community in the country, and have helped to spread Cuban music throughout the world.

The founders

Pepe Sánchez, born José Sánchez (Santiago de Cuba, 19 March 1856 – 03 January 1918), is known as the father of the "trova" style and the creator of the Cuban bolero. [Orovio, Helio 1995. "El bolero latino". La Habana.] He had some experience in "bufo", but had no formal training in music. With remarkable natural talent, he composed numbers in his head and never wrote them down. As a result, most of these numbers are now lost for ever, though some two dozen or so survive because friends and disciples wrote them down. His first bolero, "Tristezas", is still remembered today. He also created advertisement jingles, believe it or not, before radio was born. [Sublette, Ned 2004. "Cuba and its music: from the first drums to the mambo". Chicago. p253 gives a verse on "Cola marca Palma Real"] He was the model and teacher for the great trovadores who followed him. [Orovio, Helio 2004. "Cuban music from A to Z." p195.]

The first, and one of the longest-lived, was Sindo Garay, born Antonio Gumersindo Garay Garcia (Stgo de C. 12 April 1867 – Havana, 17 July 1968). He was the most outstanding composer of trova songs, and his best have been sung and recorded many times. "Perla marina", "Adios a La Habana", "Mujer bayamesa", "El huracan y la palma", "Guarina" and many others are now part of Cuba's heritage. Garay was also musically illiterate – in fact, he only taught himself the alphabet at 16 – but in his case not only were scores recorded by others, but there are recordings as well.

In the 1890s Garay got involved in the Cuban War of Independence, and decided a stay in Hispaniola (Haiti and Dominica) would be a good idea. It was, and he came back with a wife. Garay settled in Havana in 1906, and in 1926 joined Rita Montaner and others to visit Paris, spending three months there singing his songs. He broadcast on radio, made recordings and survived into modern times. He used to say "Not many men have shaken hands with both Jose Marti and Fidel Castro!" Carlos Puebla, whose life spanned the old and the new trova, told a good joke about him: "Sindo celebrated his 100th birday several times -- in fact, whenever he was short of money!" [Sublette, Ned 2004. "Cuba and its music: from the first drums to the mambo". Chicago. p298] [de Leon, Carmela 1990. "Sindo Garay: memorias de un trovador". La Habana. Garay's life story as told in his nineties; includes a 16-page appendix listing his compositions.]

José 'Chicho' Ibáñez (Corral Falso, [now "Pedro Betancourt"] 22 November 1875 – Havana, 18 May 1981) [date of death from the program of "LatinBeat 2003", Film Society of the Lincoln Center, New York. Orovio, Helio 2004. "Cuban music from A to Z". Revised by Sue Steward. p112 gives 1987 as the date of death; earlier date here preferred on grounds of probability.] was the first trovador (that we know of) to specialize in the son and also on guaguancós and afrocuban rhythms from the abakuá. He played the tres rather than the Spanish guitar, and developed his own technique for this Cuban guitar. During his extremely long career, Chicho sang and played the son in streets, plazas, cafés, nightclubs and other venues throughout Cuba. In the 1920s, when the sextetos became popular, he was forced to sell his compositions to these larger groups and their composers in order to survive. His compositions include "Tóma mamá que te manda tía", "Evaristo", "No te metas Caridad", "Ojalá" (sones); "Yo era dichoso", "Al fin mujer" (bolero-sones); "Qué más me pides", "La saya de Oyá" (guaguancos). He worked throughout Cuba, and latterly a short film was made of him ('See also' below).

The composer Rosendo Ruiz (Sgo de C. 01 March 1885 – Havana, 01 January 1983) was a trovador almost as long-lived as Ibáñez and Garay. He wrote the criolla "Mares y Arenas" in 1911, the workers' anthem "Redencion" in 1917, the bolero "Confesion", the guajira "Junto al canaveral" and the pregon-son "Se va el dulcerito". He was the author of a well-known guitar manual.

Manuel Corona (Calbarién 17 June 1880 – Havana 09 January 1950) started his career in a red light district of Havana. Originally a singer-guitarist, he became a prolific composer after his hand was damaged by a pimp's knife. It was a case of "She was a whore, and she had her man, but I loved her". Alberto Villalón (Stgo de C. 07 June 1882 – Havana 16 07 1955) advanced the trova guitar technique and had a hand in the birth of the son septetos.

Garay, Ruiz, Villalón and Corona were known as "the four greats of the trova", but Ibáñez and the following trovadores should be regarded as of equally high stature.

The 20th century

Patricio Ballagas (Camaguey, 17 March 1879 – Havana, 15 February 1920); Eusebio Delfin (Palmira, 1 April 1893 – Havana, 28 April 1965); María Teresa Vera (Guanajay, 06 February 1895 – Havana, 17 December 1965); Lorenzo Hierrezuelo (El Caney, 05 September 1907 – Havana, 16 November 1993); Joseíto Fernández (September 5, 1908 – October 11, 1979); Ñico Saquito (Antonio Fernandez: Sgo. de C. 1901 – Havana, 4 August 1982); Carlos Puebla (Manzanillo, 11 September 1917 – Havana, 12 July 1989) and Compay Segundo (Máximo Francisco Repilado Muñoz: Siboney, 18 November 1907 – Havana, 13 July 2003) were all great trova musicians. And let's not forget the Trio Matamoros, who worked together for most of their lives. Matamoros was one of the greats. [Rodrígeuz Domíngues, Ezequiel. "El Trio Matamoros: trienta y cinco anos de música popular". La Habana.]

Most trovadors were creolized, drawing from both Spanish and African traditions and styles even-handedly. There were exceptions. Guillermo Portabales (Cienfuegos 06 April 1911 – San Juan, Puerto Rico 25 October 1970) and Carlos Puebla were mostly in the guajiro tradition, whilst El Guayabero – Faustino Oramas – (Holguín, 04 June 1911 – Holguín, 28 March 2007) was black and funky in style and content. He was the last of the old trova, the oldest working musician in Cuba, at 95, when he passed away. His double entendres were a joy.

Trova musicians often worked in pairs and trios, some of them exclusively so (Compay Segundo). As the sextetos / septetos / conjuntos grew in popularity many trovadores joined in the larger groups.

The technique of guitar-playing gradually improved; the early trovadors, being self-taught, had rather limited techniques. Later, some tapped into classical guitar techniques to revive the accompaniment of the trova. Guyún (Vincente Gonzalez Rubiera, Stgo de C. 27 October 1908–Havana, 1987) studied under Severino Lopez, and developed a modern concept of harmony, and a way to apply classical technique to popular Cuban music. He became more adventurous, yet still in Cuban vein, and in 1938 stopped performing to devote himself to teaching the guitar. This bore fruit, and two generations of Cuban guitarists bear witness to his influence.

Perhaps the greatest guitarist amongst modern Cuban trovadors is Eliades Ochoa (b. Songo La Maya, Santiago de Cuba, 22 June 1946), the leader of "Cuerteto Patría". Ochoa learnt both Spanish guitar and the Cuban trés; Cuban composer and classical guitarist Leo Brouwer told him that he did not need to learn more about musical technique as he already knew too much! Ochoa plays now with an eight-stringed guitar (a self-designed hybrid of an acoustic six-string and the Cuban trés). Cuerteto Patría includes his brother Humberto Ochoa on guitar, son Eglis Ochoa on maracas, William Calderón on bass, Anibal Avila on claves and trumpet, and Roberto Torres on congas.

Others

Naturally, the musicians featured here are a few notables amongst hundreds of excellent musicians living the same kind of life. No complete list exists, though the musicians listed below have been mentioned in at least one source. [such as Canizares, Dulcila 1995. "La trova tradicional". 2nd ed, La Habana. p75] [These musicians should not be linked unless or until there is such biographical data as to meet the WP notability criterion.] After the name, one or two of their best compositions are noted::Salvador Adams ("Me causa celos"):Ángel Almenares ("Por qué me engañaste?"):José (Pepe) Banderas ("Boca roja"):Emiliano Blez Garbey ("Besada por el mar"):Julio Brito ("Flor de ausencia"):Miguel Companioni ("Mujer perjura"):Juan de Dios Hechavarria ("Mujer indigna"; "Tiene Bayamo"; "Laura"):José (Pepe) Figarola Salazar ("Un beso en le alma"):Oscar Hernández Falcón ("Ella y yo"; "Rosa roja"):Graciano Gómez Vargas ("En falso"; "Yo sé de esa mujer"):Rafael Gómez (aka Teofilito) ("Pensamiento"):Ramón Ivonet ("Levanta"):Eulalio Limonta :Manuel Luna Salgado ("La cleptómana"):Nené Manfugás :Rafael Saroza Valdés ("Guitarra mía")

Duos, trios, groups

During a career, a musician may work in many different line-ups. Because of the limited sonority of the guitar, trova musicians preferred small groups, or solo performances. Boleros tend to benefit from two voices, primo and segundo, giving to melodic phrases a richness in contrast with the basic rhythm of the cinquillo. [Loyola Fernández, Jose 1997. "En ritmo de bolero: el bolero en la musica bailable cubana". Huracan, Rio Piedras P.R. p39]

Duos

"Guaronex y Sindo": Sindo Garay and his son.

"Floro y Miguel": Floro Zorilla and Miguel Zaballa. Outstanding in their day.

"Floro y Cruz": Floro Zorilla and Juan Cruz. Cruz was a terrific baritone.

"Pancho Majagua y Tata Villegas": Francisco Salvo and Carlos Villegas.

"María Teresa y Zequieira": María Teresa Vera and Rafael Zequeira.

"Dúo Ana María y María Teresa": two female voices, Ana María García and Ma. Teresa Vera. Justa García also sang duo with each of these two women,

"José 'Galleguito' Parapar y Higinio Rodríguez".

"Juan de la Cruz y Bienvenido León".

"Manuel Luna y José Castillo".

"Dúo Hermanos Enriso": Enrique 'Chungo' and Rafael 'Nené' Enriso.

"Dúo Luna–Armiñan": Pablo Armiñan (primo) and Manuel Luna (segundo and guitar)

Dúo Pablito–Castillo: Pablo Armiñan (primo) and Augusto Castillo (segundo).

"Dúo Pablito y Limonta": Pablo Armiñan (voz primo and guitar accompanist) and Juan Limonta (segunda, guitar and author). Extremely popular in Santiago de Cuba in the 1920s.

"Dúo Juanito Valdés y Rafael Enriso".

"Dúo Carbo–Quevedo": Pablo Quevedo (primo) and Panchito Carbó (segundo and guitar).

"Dúo Hermansa Martí": Amelia and Bertha.

"Dúo Sirique y Miguel": Alfredo 'Sirique' González and Miguel Doyble.

References

See also

*1977 "Del hondo del corazón". 20min film, Dir. Constante Diego. Figures of the traditional trova talk and sing.
*1974 "Chicho Ibáñez". 11min film, Dir. Juan Carlos Tabío. Short film on the trovador José 'Chicho' Ibáñez (1875–1981), who talks and sings at the age of 99.

See also Nueva trova for the politically-inspired trovadores of the Castro revolution.