Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons

Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons
This article is about the 1967 TV series. For the 2005 series, see Gerry Anderson's New Captain Scarlet.
Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons
In bold, white letters, the words "Captain Scarlet" are superimposed on the backdrop of a derelict, night-time alleyway. Added at the bottom of the picture are more words, "and the Mysterons", the last of which is in white, spiky lettering. The full title is thus revealed to be "Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons".
Title screen
Genre Action, Adventure, Children's, Science fiction, Thriller
Format Supermarionation serial
Created by Gerry Anderson
Written by Tony Barwick
and others
Voices of Francis Matthews
Ed Bishop
Donald Gray
Liz Morgan
Cy Grant
Sylvia Anderson
and others
Opening theme "The Mysterons"[1]
Ending theme "Captain Scarlet"[2]
Composer(s) Barry Gray
Country of origin United Kingdom
Language(s) English
No. of series 1
No. of episodes 32 (List of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s) Gerry Anderson
Producer(s) Reg Hill
Running time 25 mins approx.
Production company(s) Century 21 Television
Distributor ITC Entertainment
Broadcast
Original channel ATV
Picture format Film (35 mm)[3]
Audio format Mono[4]
Original run 29 September 1967 (1967-09-29)[5] – 14 May 1968 (1968-05-14)[6]
Chronology
Related shows Gerry Anderson's New Captain Scarlet
(2005 reboot series)

Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons, often referred to as Captain Scarlet, is a 1960s British science-fiction television series produced by the Century 21 Productions company of Gerry and Sylvia Anderson, John Read and Reg Hill. First broadcast on ATV Midlands between September 1967[5] and May 1968,[6] it has since been transmitted in more than 40 other countries, including the United States, Australia, New Zealand and Japan.[7] Combined with scale model special effects, characters are presented as marionette puppets in a filming technique that the Andersons dubbed "Supermarionation", a technology that incorporated internal solenoid motors as a means of producing mouth movements synchronised with pre-recorded dialogue.

Set in 2068,[e 1] the series charts the hostilities between Earth and a race of Martians known as the Mysterons. After a misunderstanding results in human astronauts destroying their base, the vengeful Mysterons declare war on Earth,[e 1] initiating a succession of reprisal attacks that are countered by Spectrum, an international security organisation. Spectrum boasts the remarkable abilities of its top agent, Captain Scarlet, who comes to possess the Mysteron healing power of "retro-metabolism". This ability to return to life, even after suffering fatal injuries, essentially makes Scarlet "indestructible".[e 2]

Captain Scarlet, the eighth of ten puppet series that the Andersons produced during the 1950s and 60s, follows Thunderbirds and precedes Joe 90 and the little-seen The Secret Service. In terms of visual aesthetic, the series represents a departure from the style of Thunderbirds due to its use of non-caricatured marionette puppets of realistic bodily proportions.[8] Re-run a number of times on British television[7][9][10] and purchased by the BBC in 1993,[9] the 32-episode series has been the foundation of merchandising campaigns since its first appearance, leading to the release of items such as toy dolls[11] and other associated media, including novels[12] and comic strips in the Anderson-related children's magazine, TV Century 21.[13]

Compared to its antecedents, Captain Scarlet continues to be recognised as much "darker"[14] in tone and less orientated towards child audiences due to increased levels of violence and themes of extraterrestrial malevolence and interplanetary conflict.[15] The transition in puppet design has polarised the opinions of commentators and former production personnel,[16][17][18] although the series has been praised for its depiction of a multinational and multiethnic cast of characters against the backdrop of a utopian future Earth.[19][20][21] Deciding to revive Captain Scarlet in the late 1990s,[22] Gerry Anderson supervised the production of a computer-animated reboot series, Gerry Anderson's New Captain Scarlet, which commenced broadcast in the United Kingdom in 2005.

Contents

Plot summary

Main article: List of Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons episodes

In the pilot episode, a team of Zero-X[n 1] astronauts investigate the surface of Mars in 2068 after unidentified radio signals emanating from the planet are detected on Earth.[e 1] The source is discovered to be an extraterrestrial base, which is attacked and destroyed when the explorers mistake a harmless sensor device for a weapon.[e 1] The inhabitants of the settlement, the Mysterons, are sentient computers that form a collective consciousness.[23] They are the remnants of the original Mysteron race, extraterrestrial life forms that originated in a galaxy other than the Milky Way and maintained their colony on Mars for 3,500 years before abandoning the planet at the turn of the 20th century.[23] Possessing partial control over matter, the Mysteron computers draw on their power of "reversing matter" to rebuild the complex before vowing revenge for the unwarranted aggression.[e 1]

Reversing matter, also described as "retro-metabolism",[e 2] allows the Mysterons to re-create the likeness of a person or object in the form of a facsimile that is under their control. This ability is used to conduct a "war of nerves" against Earth, in which the Mysterons issue threats against specific targets (from world leaders and military installations to whole cities and continents) and then destroy and reconstruct whatever instruments are required (whether human or machine) to execute their plans. The presence of the Mysterons is indicated by two circles of green light (the "Mysteron rings") that trail across scenes of destruction and reconstruction. Although the Mysterons are able to manipulate events from Mars, their actions on Earth are usually performed by their replicated intermediaries.

The primary agent of the Mysterons, Zero-X mission leader Captain Black, is killed and reconstructed during the encounter on Mars.[n 2][23][24] Before the events of the pilot episode, Black held a senior officer rank in Spectrum, an international security organisation inaugurated in 2067[e 3] that mobilises all its personnel, vehicles[n 3] and other resources in response to the threat posed by the Mysterons. Spectrum is directed from Cloudbase, an airborne headquarters stationed at a height of 40,000 feet above the Earth's surface,[e 4] and has a presence in all major cities. The organisation employs operatives of many nationalities, of whom the most senior hold military ranks and colour-based codenames, are posted to Cloudbase, and answer directly to the commander-in-chief of Spectrum, Colonel White.[n 4] Cloudbase is defended by the Angels, a squadron of five female pilots named Destiny (squadron leader), Harmony, Melody, Rhapsody and Symphony, who fly the Angel Interceptor fighter aircraft.[25] In addition, the organisation incorporates a fleet of Spectrum Pursuit Vehicles (SPV) hidden in secret locations around the world.

Captain Scarlet becomes Spectrum's foremost weapon in its fight against the Mysterons after the events of the pilot episode, in which the Mysterons threaten to assassinate the World President[n 5] as their first act of retaliation.[e 1][26] The original Scarlet is killed in a car accident engineered by the Mysterons[n 6] and replaced with a Mysteron reconstruction.[e 1][26] However, when the Scarlet duplicate is shot by Spectrum officer Captain Blue and falls to his death from a tall structure, it returns to life with the consciousness of its human template restored, and is thereafter free from Mysteron control.[n 7][e 1] Scarlet's ex-Mysteron body possesses two remarkable abilities: he is able to sense the presence of other Mysteron duplicates in his vicinity,[n 8] and if he is injured or killed, retro-metabolism restores him to a state of top health. Now able to deploy suicidally reckless tactics to thwart Mysteron threats, Scarlet repeatedly braves the pain of death in the knowledge that he will recover to face the Mysterons once more.[n 9]

While Scarlet and Spectrum defend Earth against the threat from Mars, it is found that Mysteron reconstructions are particularly vulnerable to electricity[e 5] and that they are detectable on X-rays, to which their biology is impervious.[e 5] Consequently, two anti-Mysteron devices, the "Mysteron Gun"[n 10] and the "Mysteron Detector," are developed to aid Spectrum.[e 6] A three-episode story arc charts the uncovering of a second Mysteron complex under construction on the Moon,[e 7] its destruction by Spectrum,[e 8] and efforts to negotiate with the Mysterons on Mars via a crystal power source, salvaged from the complex, which is converted into an interplanetary communication device.[e 4] A failed attempt at satellite surveillance of the Martian surface,[e 9] aborted military conferences[e 10][e 11] and the sabotaged construction of a new space fleet[e 12] hinder Spectrum's plans to return to Mars, and the organisation is unsuccessful on two occasions in apprehending Captain Black.[e 13][e 14] The penultimate episode of the series depicts a Mysteron assault on Cloudbase with the use of armed spacecraft, which is ultimately revealed to be a nightmare dreamt by one of the Angel pilots.[e 15] The finale is a flashback episode that ends inconclusively with regards to the war between Earth and Mars and the fate of Spectrum and the Mysterons.[e 16]

Production

I thought we should make a show about the Martians, but then there were doubts being expressed by scientists as to whether the so-called "canals" on Mars were really man-made. Since we were well into pre-production, I came up with the idea of making the Martians invisible, so if they did come up with conclusive evidence that there was no life on Mars, I could say, "Ha-ha, yes there is—but you can't see it."

When talks to find an American broadcaster for Thunderbirds fell through in July 1966, production for the series' second season ended with the completion of just six episodes at the behest of ITC financier Lew Grade.[28] Having overseen Gerry Anderson's work since the creation of Supercar in 1960 - and going on to buy his production company, AP Films, during the making of Fireball XL5 - Grade was anxious for Anderson's programmes to be transmitted abroad, in the lucrative American market, and decided that a new concept would do more to attract potential bidders than a second season of Thunderbirds.[28]

As a result of the cancellation, Anderson was required to come up with an idea for another Supermarionation series. He had once been inspired by the thought of creating a live-action police drama in which the hero would have unexpectedly been murdered halfway through the series and replaced by a new lead character.[29] Now giving fresh consideration to this idea, Anderson resolved that a selling point for his new series could be a character that can be killed at the end of each episode and resurrected by the beginning of the next. This, coupled with contemporary theories about the possibility of life on Mars,[30] led to the idea of an interplanetary war raging between Earth and its neighbour and a worldwide security organisation being called on to defend human civilisation. After further thought, Anderson decided that "Scarlet" would make an unusual codename for this organisation's "indestructible" agent who can come back to life, while "Blue" could be his partner's designation. From this, Anderson reasoned that all the personnel should have colours for names so as to form the whole "Spectrum" of colours, and decided that someone called "White" should be the leader of the Spectrum Organisation, much in the same way that white light is composed of, and can be broken down into, the colours of the spectrum.[30][31]

Intrigued by the often-heard phrase "life as we know it", Anderson wanted to set the aliens of his new series apart from the conventional extraterrestrials of 1960s television and cinema. He therefore worked from a basis of "life as we don't know it",[30] and made the Mysterons that were to feature in the series a race of sentient computers as opposed to organic lifeforms,[23] although this is not explicitly stated in the television episodes. The initial intention was that the original Mysteron civilisation came from another galaxy.[23] Having established a settlement on Mars in the distant past, they fled the planet centuries later, abandoning their computer complex.[23]

Contemporary recollections of the Second World War proved to be an inspiration for a number of design aspects. For instance, Anderson recalled that RAF pilots had found it difficult to counter German attacks during the Battle of Britain, since taking off from the ground meant that it took considerable time to intercept the enemy.[32] He therefore made Spectrum's headquarters an airborne aircraft carrier called "Cloudbase".[32] The Mysteron rings were inspired by an advertisement for the Oxo line of food products, which included an image of the brand name sliding over a frying pan and the outline of a woman's body.[31][32]

Writing

The photograph depicts an elderly man, whose gaze is directed to the right of the camera.
Gerry Anderson, creator and executive producer

With a provisional series title of The Mysterons,[33] Anderson and his wife, Sylvia, wrote a pilot script in August 1966.[34] This differed significantly from the final draft of the pilot episode. Initially, it was decided that the Mysteron duplicate of Captain Scarlet would be artificially resurrected by an advanced Spectrum computer rather than reviving naturally, and that thereafter he would no longer be truly human but a "mechanical man" akin to an android.[33] Another early ambition was for each episode to feature a guest star voiced by a well-known actor of the day. To this end, the role of the World President in the pilot episode was originally intended to be voiced by the American-born actor Patrick McGoohan.[35][36]

With Anderson serving chiefly as executive producer, the majority of the writing input for Captain Scarlet was provided by Tony Barwick, who had previously written for the short-lived second season of Thunderbirds.[37] Originally given the role of script editor, Barwick went on to pen 18 of the 32 episodes himself, and was also often required to make substantial changes to other writers' work.[37] While discussing his approach to writing episodes in a 1986 interview, he drew parallels between the premise and characters of Captain Scarlet and those of Thunderbirds, suggesting, for example, that the Spectrum Organisation was similar to International Rescue and that the character of Captain Black was like the earlier recurring villain from Thunderbirds, The Hood.[37]

Filming

After a two-month pre-production period lasting from November to December 1966, filming for the pilot episode, "The Mysterons", began on 2 January 1967,[38] with a budget of £1.5 million for the 32-episode series.[39][32] At an average cost of £46,000 per episode, or £2,000 per minute, it was the most expensive Anderson production to date.[40] A month before, Anderson and his team had dropped the name "AP Films," since Arthur Provis was no longer working alongside Anderson on a full-time basis, and renamed their company "Century 21 Productions".[38] Many of the directors for earlier Anderson series, such as Alan Pattillo, David Elliott and David Lane, had either left AP Films or were involved in the production of Thunderbird 6, the second Thunderbirds feature film, at the time that Captain Scarlet was being produced. Although Desmond Saunders and Lane were available to direct the first and second episodes, while veteran AP Films director Brian Burgess also contributed, the Andersons needed to transfer some of the more junior production personnel to replace the outgoing staff. To this effect, Alan Perry and Ken Turner were promoted from the camera operator and art departments.[41] Directors drafted in from outside AP Films were Peter Anderson, Leo Eaton and finally Robert Lynn, who had worked as an assistant director on the 1958 Hammer films Dracula and The Revenge of Frankenstein.[41]

The photograph depicts a scale toy replica of an armoured tank-like vehicle that is metallic-blue in colour, with five wheels on each side.
Dinky Toys imitation of the Spectrum Pursuit Vehicle (SPV), the principal armoured assault vehicle of Spectrum. During production of Captain Scarlet, the Century 21 special effects unit refined the standard driving mechanism so that scale-model vehicles appearing in the series could produce authentic inertial dipping motions.[8]

The Slough Trading Estate[l 1] in Buckinghamshire had served as Anderson's production base since the filming of Stingray in 1964.[42] To accelerate production on earlier Supermarionation series, pairs of episodes had been filmed simultaneously on separate sound stages, a practice that continued for Captain Scarlet. Some filming coincided with the production of Thunderbird 6,[37] which was recorded on a separate puppet stage and released in July 1968. Editing rooms, post-production offices and a preview theatre were housed in a separate building on the Slough Trading Estate; the crew collaborated with the Standard Telecommunication Laboratories at Harlow in Essex[l 2] on the technical and electronic side of the production.[43]

A third unit, headed by Derek Meddings and his assistant Mike Trim, handled special effects and miniatures and was tasked with creating all the permanent sets and models to be used from the pilot episode, such as the Cloudbase interiors and scaled-down Spectrum Pursuit Vehicles. A design innovation for this series meant that the noses of the miniature vehicles would "dip" when stopped, to imitate the sudden application of brakes and deceleration on a real-life vehicle.[8] The miniature of the Cloudbase exterior, which ran to six feet (1.8 m) in length, proved to be too heavy to be held up with strings and was instead supported by a metal pole.[44][45] To transfer the Mysteron rings from script to screen, the production team acted on the advice of producer Reg Hill, who suggested that a transparency be made that could be panned across the puppet sets using a slide projector.[31]

By the time the series started broadcasting on ATV in September 1967, principal photography had been completed for the first 20 episodes.[46] In general, turnaround for completing all the puppet shots for each episode was two weeks[39][47] or 11 working days.[40] It was initially predicted that all shooting would be wrapped within eight months,[39] but filming overran up until late October because of the demands of the Thunderbird 6 shoot.[39] While production on Anderson's next Supermarionation series, Joe 90, began in November [48] it was not until early 1968 that the last episodes of Captain Scarlet were edited and prepared for broadcast.[46]

Music

The image depicts musical notation of a fast-paced motif consisting of minims, crotchets and quavers.
Spectrum leitmotif, associated with Cloudbase and the organisation in general.
The image depicts musical notation of two similar motifs consisting of four notes, one featuring only semibreves and the other only crotchets.
Four-note motif used to illustrate the presence of the Mysterons. Captain Scarlet's variation, below, emphasises the character's past as a former Mysteron.[49]

Music for Captain Scarlet was composed by Barry Gray, an innovator in electronic music, who had scored all the Supermarionation series preceding it. The opening title sequence theme, "The Mysterons", was rendered electronically and accompanied by a staccato drum beat to introduce the lead character of Captain Scarlet.[1] This seven-note beat was also used to link scenes within episodes,[1] and to cut to advertisement breaks,[50] for which it was accompanied by a zooming image of the Spectrum logo as designed by Tony Dunsterville of the art department.[50] On the subject of the beat, Anderson recalls, "When I went to the recording session, I heard the drum beat he had come up with and I thought, 'Christ, is this all he could produce?' Looking back on it, however, I can see that what he came up with worked very well."[50]

The closing credits theme, "Captain Scarlet", underwent significant change after the completion of the first 14 episodes. The first version had been mainly instrumental, with vocoded interruptions of the words "Captain Scarlet!" provided by Gray himself.[1] This was then revised as a song performed by a London-based pop group The Spectrum, assembled by RCA Victor[51] as an imitation of the American band The Monkees,[1] who happened to share their name with the organisation that appears in Captain Scarlet.[1]

In addition to the main theme, Gray scored incidental music for 18 episodes of Captain Scarlet between March and December 1967.[46][52] Musical accompaniment for the remaining 14 episodes was achieved by re-using these completed tracks as well as music from previous Anderson productions such as Thunderbirds.[46] In composing his incidental music, Gray made extensive use of two contrasting, yet similar, themes to illustrate Spectrum and the Mysterons.[53] In their notes to the soundtrack release, Ralph Titterton and Tim Mallett suggest that the music is dominated by a "military feel", with an emphasis placed on percussion, brass and wind instruments, by contrast to the full orchestral sound of the Thunderbirds score.[53] With the exception of the four-note Mysteron motif, Gray generally restricted his use of electronic synthesisers, including an Ondes Martenot, to space sequences, preferring traditional instruments for Earth-bound action.[1] Captain Scarlet's motif, heard in both versions of the end credits theme and the incidental music, is a melodic variation on the Mysteron theme, emphasising Scarlet's history as an ex-Mysteron.[49]

Awarding the soundtrack CD release a rating of four stars out of five,[54] Bruce Eder of the Allmusic website describes the collection of theme and incidental music as "a strange mix of otherworldly 'music of the spheres', late-50s/early-60s 'space-age pop', 'British Invasion' beat, Scottish folk-inspired tunes, kids-style 'Mickey Mouse' scoring, marital music, light jazz, and light classical",[54] and singles out both "Cocktail Music", from "Model Spy", and the piano track, performed by Gray, from "The Inquisition", for particular praise.[54] In his BBC Online review, Peter Marsh opines that the darker tone of the music is reflective of Captain Scarlet as a programme featuring realistic puppets and death,[55] frightening alien villains[55] and "no laughs",[55] stating that "dissonant vibraphone chords shimmer under hovering, tremulous strings contrasted with urgent, militaristic drums and pulsing brass—driving the action ever onto its climax (and, no doubt, a big explosion)."[55]

Captain Scarlet
(Original Television Soundtrack)
Soundtrack album by Barry Gray
Released 17 November 2003 (UK)[55]
9 December 2003 (US)[54]
Length 78:57
Label Silva Screen Records[56]
Track list[54][55][56]
No. Title Length
1. "Century 21 Sting"   0:10
2. "Opening Titles (Pilot Narration)"   0:48
3. "End Titles (Semi-Vocal Version)"   1:23
4. "Winged Assassin: Suite"   4:38
5. "Staccato Beat"   0:04
6. "Big Ben Strikes Again"   1:33
7. "Big Ben Strikes Again: Until Midnight (Radio Music)"   2:22
8. "Avalanche: Mountain Pass"   1:12
9. "Avalanche: Deadly Mist and Mountain Chase"   4:24
10. "White as Snow"   3:26
11. "Manhunt: Suite"   4:07
12. "Model Spy: Models on a Train"   2:32
13. "Model Spy: Cocktail Music"   3:28
14. "Lunarville 7: Suite"   4:52
15. "Point 783: The SHEF March"   2:35
16. "Expo 2068: The Reactor"   2:33
17. "Commercial Stings and Commercial Break"   1:04
18. "Fire at Rig 15: Rig 15"   2:49
19. "The Inquisition: Piano Track"   3:23
20. "The Trap: Castle Glen Garry"   1:31
21. "The Trap: Fate of the XQR"   4:51
22. "Attack on Cloudbase: Desert Symphony"   5:14
23. "Attack on Cloudbase: The Mysterons Attack!"   3:13
24. "Spectrum Strikes Back: Suite"   8:30
25. "End Titles (Song Version)"   1:28
26. "Main Titles (with Series Opening Narration)"   0:48
27. "White as Snow (Commercial Version)" (Stereo) 3:12
28. "Captain Scarlet Theme (Commercial Version)" (Stereo) 2:47

Puppets

See also: Supermarionation

I still wonder about the wisdom of our decision to change the puppets. The heads were reduced in size to make them in proportion with the rest of their bodies, but the problem was that exact and precise movements became more vital than ever and that caused us terrible difficulties. After creating Snow White in perfect human form, Walt Disney said he'd never repeat that mistake, and I still have doubts about whether or not we did the right thing.

Supermarionation, a technique in which the movement of the marionette puppet's mouth is electronically synchronised with character dialogue, had been formulated by Gerry Anderson for Four Feather Falls in 1960. Until production for Captain Scarlet, the head of the puppet had been disproportionately large in comparison to its body, as the head contained a solenoid that formed the key component of the lip-synch mechanism. The production team was not able to scale up the body to match the head, as this would have made the puppets hard to operate[57] and have necessitated a proportionate scaling-up in the size of the puppet sets.[17] Since Gerry Anderson had expressed frustration with this caricatured design during production of earlier Supermarionation series, and wished that the puppets would more accurately reflect human biology,[17] before production commenced on Captain Scarlet the producer, Reg Hill, and his associate, John Read,[58] designed a new type of puppet in which the solenoid was instead placed inside the chest, to permit a head of realistic proportion.[8][39][57][59] The costume designer for Captain Scarlet was Sylvia Anderson, who was influenced by the work of French fashion designer Pierre Cardin, in particular his 1966 "Cosmonaut" collection, in designing the Spectrum uniforms.[60]

After test-sculpting in Plasticine, the puppet heads were moulded on a silicone rubber base and made using fibreglass. At heights ranging from 20 to 24 inches (approximately one-third life-size) the next-generation puppets were no shorter than their predecessors.[61] For previous series, puppet eyes had been sized out of proportion to the heads, but as part of the realistic look introduced in Captain Scarlet, the eyes of production personnel were photographed and the images scaled down for attachment to the eye sockets.[8][32][62] As had been the case for earlier series, a number of alternative heads displaying a range of expressions were created for main character puppets, including "smilers", "frowners" and "blinkers".[61] Since episodes of Captain Scarlet were filmed in pairs, one on each of the puppet stages available at the Century 21 Studios, duplicates were made of the "expressionless" template of each main character.[63] For the pilot episode, an "agony" head was specially sculpted for the Captain Scarlet puppet for a brief reaction shot of Scarlet's Mysteron double being shot by Captain Blue.

Changes made to the original Supermarionation design made puppet motion more stilted than before.[58] For example, to portray a character walk, an operator would need to hold the puppet's legs, while the camera maintained a close-up shot to conceal the hand from view.[64] This clip from the episode "Attack on Cloudbase" includes an interruption in the shot when the characters of Captains Scarlet and Blue are required to walk through a door into the Cloudbase Radar Room containing Captain Magenta, since the strings supporting the puppet heads rendered it impossible to film such entrances in a continuous shot.[8] Furthermore, through the characters of both Scarlet and Colonel White, whose English accents are demonstrated here, Gerry Anderson biographers Marcus Hearn and Simon Archer assert that the sound of Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons contrasts with that of the earlier Thunderbirds, altering its effect on the viewer.[65]

The increased realism of the puppets meant that their mobility was significantly reduced,[8] ironically leaving the new design less life-like than Anderson had hoped,[58] as he recalls: "Suddenly, all the movements had to be as realistic as the puppets and that made it difficult for the puppeteers to animate them."[58] To minimise the amount of movement required, the puppets were made to stand on moving walkways or sit at moving desks: for example, Colonel White's desk on Cloudbase is seen to rotate, while Lieutenant Green is seen to operate the Cloudbase main computer from a sliding chair. Puppeteer Jan King recalls:

The Captain Scarlet puppets were not built to walk. They were too heavy and not weighted properly anyway ... It is virtually impossible to get a string puppet to walk convincingly on film unless it is a very caricatured puppet. In Captain Scarlet, if a puppet had to move off-screen, it was done in a head-and-shoulders shot—the floor puppeteer would hold the legs of the puppet and then move the puppet physically out of shot at the right time, trying to make the body and shoulders move as if the puppet were walking.[64]

The "under control" puppets described by King were stringless and controlled from the waist. One resulting advantage was that a puppet could be moved through a doorway without necessitating a break in the shot. For shots displaying characters such as the Angels seated in aircraft cockpits, variations of the "under control" design, comprising just a head and torso, were manipulated by levers and wires located beneath the set.[8] This development of Supermarionation would be named "Supermacromation" when Anderson returned to puppetry in the 1980s with his later production, Terrahawks.

Revamps and likenesses

Before Captain Scarlet, supporting character puppets had been specially sculpted in clay as and when episodes required them. The guest parts in Captain Scarlet, however, were filled by a permanent "repertory company" of over 50 puppets made to the same standards of workmanship as the main characters.[57][61] Known as "revamp puppets" or "revamps", these puppets appeared on an episode-by-episode basis, cosmetically altered for each role in aspects such as hairstyle and hair colour.[8][57][61] An initial intention was for each episode to include a "guest star" puppet, to be sculpted on, and voiced by, a known public figure, but this idea was abandoned due to budgetary constraints.[8][58] Both main character and revamp puppets from Captain Scarlet appeared in Anderson's final two Supermarionation series, Joe 90 and The Secret Service.[57]

The likeness of the Captain Scarlet character has, since his first appearance, been attributed to Francis Matthews,[66] who voiced Scarlet in the series, Cary Grant[66] and Roger Moore.[66][67] Ed Bishop later claimed that Captain Blue had been modelled on his likeness,[35] but sculptor Terry Curtis states that he made the puppet to resemble himself and simply added a blond wig when he learnt that Bishop was to voice Blue.[35] Curtis, a James Bond fan,[64] based the appearance of Captain Grey on Sean Connery[64][68] and Destiny Angel on Ursula Andress,[35][69] Connery's co-star in the 1962 Bond film Dr No. Meanwhile, the character of Lieutenant Green was sculpted on its voice actor, Cy Grant;[35] Rhapsody Angel on model and actress Jean Shrimpton;[70] Melody Angel on singer and actress Eartha Kitt;[67] and Harmony Angel on actress Tsai Chin.[71]

Casting and characters

Regular Puppet Cast
Codename Real name[n 11][72] Nationality[72] Voice actor(s)
Captain Scarlet Paul Metcalfe British Francis Matthews
Captain Blue Adam Svenson American Ed Bishop
Colonel White Charles Gray British Donald Gray
Captain Black Conrad Turner British Donald Gray
Lieutenant Green Seymour Griffiths Trinidadian Cy Grant
Captain Ochre Richard Fraser American Jeremy Wilkin
Captain Magenta Patrick Donaghue Irish Gary Files
Captain Grey Bradley Holden American Paul Maxwell
Doctor Fawn Edward Wilkie Australian Charles Tingwell
Destiny Angel Juliette Pontoin French Liz Morgan
Symphony Angel Karen Wainwright American Janna Hill
Rhapsody Angel Dianne Simms British Liz Morgan
Melody Angel Magnolia Jones American Sylvia Anderson
Harmony Angel Chan Kwan Japanese Liz Morgan
Lian-Shin

The regular puppet cast of Captain Scarlet was the largest of all the Anderson Supermarionation series.[73] While earlier productions had emphasised the benefits of futuristic technology,[73] for Captain Scarlet it was decided to develop and deepen the cast of characters.[73] Further to the enhanced realism of the puppet design, voice roles for Captain Scarlet were, as opposed to Thunderbirds and other predecessors, also intended to be less caricatured.[74] Anderson biographers Simon Archer and Marcus Hearn note that, between Thunderbirds and Captain Scarlet, a proliferation of English-accented voices altered the sound of the Supermarionation production and its impression on the viewer.[65]

Francis Matthews, voicing Captain Scarlet, had previously turned down offers for voice-acting on Thunderbirds.[75] Matthews claims that Gerry Anderson went to great lengths to get him to sign on to Captain Scarlet because of the skilled Cary Grant impression that he had once used for a radio programme,[75][76] and indeed the English actor based the tones of Scarlet on Grant's Mid-Atlantic accent.[77] In contrast, Anderson claims in his biography[78] that the impression was Matthews' choice at audition, and that while it was not what had been intended for Scarlet the production team nevertheless elected to use it.[39][78] Matthews' filmography prior to Captain Scarlet included the Hammer films The Revenge of Frankenstein (1958), Rasputin, the Mad Monk (1966) and Dracula: Prince of Darkness (1966).

Matthew's co-star in Dracula: Prince of Darkness had been Charles Tingwell, chosen to voice Dr Fawn, the Cloudbase chief medical officer. Tingwell, who had provided voices for the second season of Thunderbirds and its first feature film, Thunderbirds Are Go, had initially been recommended to the Andersons by Ray Barrett,[79] a fellow Australian actor who had worked on Stingray and Thunderbirds. However, due to theatre commitments, Tingwell could only contribute to the first 12 produced episodes of Captain Scarlet.[79] Also departing after the completion of "Shadow of Fear" was the voice of Captain Grey, Paul Maxwell,[79] a Canadian actor who had voiced the character of Steve Zodiac three years earlier in Fireball XL5.

Cy Grant, a Guyanese actor selected for the role of Lieutenant Green[n 12] (Colonel White's assistant and Cloudbase's main computer operator and public announcer), had been known to the Andersons for singing topical calypsos on the current affairs programme Tonight.[80] His casting influenced the decision to accept Ed Bishop as Captain Blue (Captain Scarlet's friend and mission partner),[81][82] as Bishop recalled in an interview recorded in 1995: "It was just that a girl in my agent's office happened to be on the ball. She represented this black actor by the name of Cy Grant and Gerry and Sylvia wanted to use him ... And the girl said, 'Oh, by the way, Mr Anderson, we've just taken on a new, young American actor'—shows you how long ago it was—'a new American actor, name of Edward Bishop. And we know how much you like American voices. Would you like to meet him as well?' He said, 'Okay, send him out.' So I went out and auditioned and got the job."[82]

Donald Gray, who had found himself typecast after appearing in the lead role in Saber of London, a detective series, was having to resort to voice work to support his acting career.[83] The South African actor was selected for three regular roles: Colonel White, Captain Black and the Mysterons. After his mind is hijacked in the pilot episode, Black speaks with the same voice that the Mysterons are heard to use when transmitting threats to Earth. For his portrayals of Black and his Mysteron masters, Gray's voice was electronically deepened, by running the tape at high speed whilst he was recording his lines and playing it back at normal speed, to produce a haunting effect.

The voice of Captain Ochre was provided by English-born Canadian, Jeremy Wilkin. Having served in the role of Virgil Tracy during the second series of Thunderbirds, Wilkin remained to voice Ochre for the subsequent production. The character of Captain Magenta, meanwhile, was voiced by Gary Files. Another Australian actor, Files was a fresh addition to Century 21 Productions, and was cast for a number of roles in the second Thunderbirds film, Thunderbird 6, before progressing to the role of Magenta for Captain Scarlet.[84] Like Files, Welsh actress Liz Morgan was new to the Anderson productions and voiced the regular characters of Destiny Angel, the lead pilot of the Spectrum Angel fighter squadron, and one of her subordinates, Rhapsody Angel.

Sylvia Anderson, the voice of Lady Penelope from Thunderbirds, voiced Melody Angel, while Canadian actress Janna Hill was given the part of Symphony. The character of Harmony Angel was voiced by Morgan for five episodes before being replaced by Chinese actress Lian-Shin[85][86] about one-third of the way through the recording sessions.[87] Although Lian only provided the voice of Harmony for one episode, "The Launching,"[87] she received billing for 20 episodes.[87]

Supporting character voices were performed by Anderson, Files, Hill, Maxwell, Morgan, Tingwell and Wilkin. Completing the supporting cast were American actor David Healy and British actor Martin King. Canadian Shane Rimmer, who had performed the voice of Scott Tracy in Thunderbirds and its films, made a number of uncredited contributions in addition to writing for the series. Fellow Canadian Neil McCallum, who had provided the voice of the character of Dr Ray Pierce in Thunderbirds Are Go, can be heard in four episodes uncredited. Six members of the voice cast would continue their association with the Andersons after Captain Scarlet. Healy would voice the character of Shane Weston in the penultimate Supermarionation series, Joe 90, while Files would voice Matthew Harding on The Secret Service. Wilkin, Morgan and King were all given small roles for these final two Supermarionation series, while Bishop appeared as SHADO Commander Ed Straker in Anderson's live-action series, UFO, which was transmitted in the United Kingdom from 1970.

Voice recording

Character dialogue was recorded on a fortnightly basis,[46] with lines for up to four episodes taped at each session,[88] at the Anvil Films Recording Studio[l 3] at Denham in Buckinghamshire.[88] Each actor, regardless of the size of their contribution, was paid 15 guineas (£15 15 shillings) per episode[89] with repeat fees.[89] The cast were not given the opportunity to tour the Century 21 studios in Slough until all their work was finished[75] and therefore had no visualisation of their characters during the recording itself. This was to the regret of Liz Morgan: "we all said that we wished we had seen the puppets before doing the dialogue, as it would have been helpful to have something physical to base the voices on. I knew that Destiny was French and that Rhapsody had to be frightfully 'Sloaney,' but that was about it."[85]

Titles and credits

The titles on the series were always devised by me. When it came to Scarlet I was frightened people would say, 'Oh, it's the same old "crash, bang, wallop" stuff again.' So I made a conscious effort to do something totally different. I don't think I necessarily did the right thing.

Captain Scarlet episodes, with the exception of the pilot, incorporate two sets of opening titles. The first of these sequences presents the title card and major production team credits. The camera moves forward through the model set of a run-down, night-time alleyway, forming the point-of-view shot of an unseen assassin, who turns a corner only to meet his death at the gun barrel of Captain Scarlet. The two seven-letter words of "Captain Scarlet" then appear on-screen in time with the seven strikes of the Captain Scarlet staccato drum beat composed by Barry Gray. This opening sequence is accompanied by a voice-over from Ed Bishop, which states, "The Mysterons. Sworn enemies of Earth. Possessing the ability to recreate an exact likeness of an object or person. But first, they must destroy ... Leading the fight, one man fate has made indestructible. His name: Captain Scarlet." The sequence is intended to demonstrate Scarlet's indestructibility; the assassin fires on the agent with a machine gun, but the bullets have no effect.[90]

A number of variations on this voice-over exist. Firstly, Ed Bishop's introduction in the pilot, which is unique to that episode, and runs: "The finger is on the trigger. About to unleash a force with terrible powers, beyond the comprehension of Man. This force we shall know as 'the Mysterons'... This man will be our hero, for fate will make him indestructible. His name: Captain Scarlet."[e 1] A rare[15] alternative version runs: "One man. A man who is different. Chosen by fate. Caught up in Earth's unwanted conflict with the Mysterons. Determined. Courageous. Indestructible. His name: Captain Scarlet."[15]

Later prints of the episodes feature an additional voice-over, a warning from Donald Gray, which states: "Captain Scarlet is indestructible. You are not. Remember this. Do not try to imitate him."[15][91] This served both to establish the background to the series and to warn younger fans not to take risks by copying Scarlet's exploits.[15][92] The warning was placed after the alternative "One man ..." voiceover [15] or else was used in isolation, with Gray's warning providing the sole narration in the opening sequence.[15]

From the second episode, a continuation of the opening sequence, presenting the main puppet cast, runs after the teaser that establishes the plot to each episode. While the Mysterons are announcing their latest threat against Earth, the "Mysteron rings" pass over the characters in a number of environments to demonstrate the omnipresence of the extraterrestrials,[90] while the Spectrum codenames are being credited on-screen. The Mysterons invariably begin their threat with the words, "This is the voice of the Mysterons. We know that you can hear us, Earthmen." For Japanese broadcasts, the opening credits were replaced with a montage of action scenes from various episodes, with children singing an accompanying theme tune. This version can be found in the special features of the Captain Scarlet DVD box set.[93][94]

The end credits were originally to be accompanied by images of printed circuit boards and other electronic components, to fit in with the Andersons' original conception of the resurrected Captain Scarlet being a "mechanical man".[33] In the finished series, the credits are superimposed on ten paintings of Scarlet, who is depicted in moments of mortal peril. In the earlier episodes, he instrumental version of Gray's Captain Scarlet end theme accompanies these images; this is replaced by the Spectrum pop group's lyrical version in the later episodes. The paintings were produced by comic artist Ron Embleton, who would later illustrate the adult comic strip "Oh, Wicked Wanda!" for Penthouse magazine in the 1970s.[13][95] In 2005, the Animation Art Gallery in London released licensed limited editions of the Captain Scarlet paintings featuring the signature of Francis Matthews, the voice of Scarlet.[95][96]

Broadcasts

Captain Scarlet officially opened on British television on 29 September 1967, in the late-afternoon slot of 5.25 pm, in the ATV Midlands region. Viewing figures for the pilot episode, "The Mysterons", were promising at 0.45 million.[5] Five months earlier, on 29 April, the series opener had been given a late-night test transmission in the London area.[5] After the start of the Midlands broadcasts, London and Scotland followed on 1 October,[97] with the Granada, Anglia, Southern, Westward and Channel areas all televising the series by the end of the month.[5] However, it was not until the start of 1968 that the series was being broadcast all across the nation.[5] In the Midlands region, the ratings averaged 1.1 million.[5] In 1968, Captain Scarlet was also screened in more than 40 other countries, including Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Japan.[7] In the United States, the series was transmitted on first-run syndication.[16][98] Meanwhile, only six episodes of the series were transmitted in the Netherlands.[99]

Repeat runs have varied greatly according to region. While Granada, HTV and Tyne Tees continued to broadcast the series into 1972,[100] the Midlands received four colour re-runs from 1969 to 1974,[7] while in other areas, such as Yorkshire, it was not repeated at all.[7] All 32 episodes were purchased by the ITV network for broadcast on Saturday mornings between 1985 and 1986,[7][101] with broadcasting in segmented form on the ITV Night Network in 1987.[101] A BBC commission led to the series' first simultaneous network broadcast on BBC2 starting on 1 October 1993.[9] On this occasion, the pilot episode attracted an audience of four million,[9] high enough to award it third position in the BBC2 ratings chart for the week of transmission.[9]

Digitally remastered, the series resurfaced on BBC Two in the autumn of 2001.[10] On this occasion, the episode schedule needed to be re-arranged at short notice to avoid offence in the immediate aftermath of the 11 September attacks.[57] The second episode, "Winged Assassin", in which the Mysterons destroy and reconstruct a plane to assassinate a world leader, and the third, "Big Ben Strikes Again", in which London comes under threat from an atomic device, were held back and replaced with the fourth episode, "Manhunt", due to parallels between the plotlines and events in the real world.[102] In the week after the attacks, the Captain Scarlet section on the Carlton website was also temporarily removed.[102]

Reception

Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons should have been one of the most successful puppet shows and it wasn't. I think it was too perfect. There was a lack of humour. It was too mechanical and needed humanising ... [Gerry] always wanted to make the characters a lot more rigid than I did. I wanted to start to give them human flaws, start to make them more important. He was more inclined to make them just say the lines and fit into a rigid pattern, but if you don't care about the characters, it doesn't really work.

Although Thunderbirds had run to a second series, Gerry Anderson states that Lew Grade's unexpected cancellation of the production led him to assume that there was no possibility of Captain Scarlet lasting for more than one series.[104] He comments that, "As far as I can recall, I didn't expect it to continue. I simply went to Lew and asked, 'What's the next thing you want us to do?'"[105]

Captain Scarlet has generally been regarded as much "darker"[14][39] in tone compared to Gerry Anderson's earlier sci-fi series, as Andrew Billen noted in the New Statesman when the programme was remade for 2005: "Whereas Thunderbirds was about rescuing people, Scarlet was about damnation, the soul of a resurrected man being fought for between Captain Scarlet and the equally indestructible Captain Black. It was Anderson's Gothic period."[106] The horror factor of the Mysterons has been recognised, with the depiction of the aliens leading to the series appearing at number 82 in Channel 4's list programme 100 Greatest Scary Moments in 2003.[107] Simon Wickes of the TV Century 21 website suggests that seriousness of the scripts is ultimately due to the realism of the new, accurately proportioned puppets, and that this aesthetic change also answers for the enhanced realism in the use of miniature models.[8]

Parallels have been drawn between the series and the Cold War.[108] Historian Nicholas J. Cull, for example, interprets the "war of nerves" between Earth and Mars as a reflection of the strained international relations of the 1960s and compares the "enemy within" scenario of aliens taking control of human beings to such sci-fi films as 1956's Invasion of the Body Snatchers.[92] Mark Bould has written that the series "seemed in tune with a decade of civil disobedience and anti-imperialist guerrilla wars,"[14] a view supported by Rebecca Feasey of the University of Edinburgh, who has written that it is one of a number of series that "exploited the fears of 1960s America by presenting civil disobedience and the potentially negative impact of new technologies."[109] Since 2001, similarities have also been interpreted between the series and the 11 September attacks, as well as the ensuing War on Terror.[57][102]

However, to other reviewers, Captain Scarlet is a "camp classic"[110][111] which, according to Bould, relates well to other Anderson productions due to a shared depiction of "a utopian future benefitting from world government, high technology, ethnic diversity, and a generally positive sense of Americanisation. They articulate the commonly made connection between technological developments and economic prosperity."[19] He has also discussed the "Euro-cool consumerism"[14] of Captain Scarlet. The concept of world government is common to Anderson's work and was inspired by his thoughts on the matter at the time: "I had all sorts of fancy ideas about the future ... we had the United Nations and I imagined that the world would come together and there would be a world government."[112] Peter Wright has similar ideas to Bould on the technological side of the series, noting the "qualified technophilia" that it shares with Thunderbirds.[113]

Since its first appearance, complaints levelled against the series have targeted the camera work, which has been viewed as too static due to the problem of moving the puppets convincingly.[8][114] The return to a 25-minute episode format as had been the scenario with Stingray and earlier Supermarionation series, as opposed to the 50-minute Thunderbirds episodes, has been blamed for a perceived drop in the quality of the storytelling and lack of subplots.[114][115] Concerns have also been expressed about the characters being underdeveloped: in a 1986 interview, script editor Tony Barwick described the series as "hard-nosed stuff"[37] that lacked humour, and also said, "It was all for the American market and to that extent there was no deep characterisation. [The characters] all balanced one against the other."[37]

While it would become a huge success, Captain Scarlet received a less than enthusiastic reception from critics. It caused a stir among parents, who condemned the show for its realistic carnage, and (some) children who were bemused by its gritty realism.

Chris Drake and Graeme Bassett (1993)[116]

Science-fiction author John Peel perceives a drop in quality between Thunderbirds and Captain Scarlet in terms of the use of special effects in relation to richness of the scripting. In this respect, he compares the divide to the commercial disappointment of Steven Spielberg's Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) after the success of Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981):[117] "Anderson made the same mistake that George Lucas made, assuming that if the effects were praised in Thunderbirds, the public wanted a show with more effects."[117] Peel also turns attention to the nature of Captain Scarlet himself, suggesting that Anderson's conception of an indestructible hero who can unfailingly return to life after death made the conclusions to plotlines too predictable.[115] He also notes his concern that Scarlet, who is often seen to risk his life to foil Mysteron plots, provided a poor role model for an impressionable target audience of children.[115]

Although seen as a cult series by some critics,[118] Captain Scarlet ranked 33rd in a 2007 Radio Times poll to determine the greatest sci-fi series of all time.[119] Despite concerns that it is not a true "children's" television series because of its "dark" tone and level of violence,[15][120] it achieved 51st position in Channel 4's 2001 list programme 100 Greatest Kids' TV Shows.[121] Considering Captain Scarlet alongside its immediate predecessor, Thunderbirds, Gerry Anderson's personal verdict is unambiguous: "Nothing was as successful as Thunderbirds. Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons was very successful, but once you've had a smash hit, everything tends to look less successful in comparison."[122]

Puppets

On the subject of Sylvia Anderson's costume design, critic Mark Bould praises the "commitment to fashion" evident throughout the Anderson series, but particularly lauds the design of the Spectrum Angel uniforms.[20] Meanwhile, the realistic design of the new puppets has been praised by commentators such as Vincent Terrace[16] and criticised by others. Some members of the production team perceived a lack of charm in comparison to the earlier puppets due to the more natural proportions that were now being used.[29] Director David Lane's initial thoughts on a prototype, produced by head of puppets John Brown,[17] were, "it was as if there was a little dead person in [the box] ... because it was perfect in all its proportions it just looked odd."[29] Brown remembers presenting the prototype alongside the Lady Penelope puppet from Thunderbirds and gauging the response from production staff,[17] stating, "when they saw it, some people were horrified by the difference. Some didn't like it, some did."[17][32] Critics have highlighted the sacrifice of facial expression in favour of a realistic design,[120] a consequence on which Terry Curtis elaborates:

The changes of expression on those puppets had to be perfect and in no way exaggerated like the old ones were. I remember when [fellow puppet designer] Tim Cooksey did Colonel White, he had a lot of trouble doing different expressions as the face was just so realistic. I had a similar problem with Captain Blue. I remember I did a Blue "smiler" head and people could hardly tell the difference between that and the normal one.[64]

Sculptor John Blundall has referred to the new puppet design as "ridiculous",[32][123] denouncing Anderson's attempts to have the puppets appear more life-like for the reason that, in his view, "We always try to do with puppets what you can't do with humans."[123] Stating a preference for the Thunderbirds-era design,[123] Blundall agrees that the transition from caricature to realism led to a reduction in "character and personality",[123] asserting that "If the puppet appears completely natural, the audience no longer has to use its imagination."[123] In response, Anderson himself states that he pushed for the decision to reshape the puppets to satisfy viewers,[123] summarising the development as not "a case of moving to a new technique, but more a case of incorporating new ideas with existing methods."[123]

Summing up Captain Scarlet, in comparison to Thunderbirds, as "better puppets, bigger action and a huge step backwards in stories",[18] Peel disputes the claim that the next generation of Supermarionation puppets constitute a failure on the part of the series,[117] arguing that the increased realism did not deter viewers who had been familiar with the earlier design.[117] Although he believes that the characterisations became less endearing,[117] Peel suggests that it is an over-emphasis on the visual elements, evident at the expense of characterisation, that truly accounts for the reduced credibility of the series.[117]

Race, gender and symbolism

When I made Supercar for ATV, we put a number of black characters in an episode because the story demanded it. ATV had an American advisor at the time, and he made us take out every black character and replace them with white characters and white voices. He said he would not be able to sell it to stations in the South because of the black characters ... I was always very anxious to promote racial harmony, so as soon as people had become more sensible I took advantage of it.

During its repeat run in the UK in 1993, Captain Scarlet became involved in the black-and-white dualism debate for its use of the codenames "White" to designate the head of Spectrum, Colonel White, and "Black" in reference to the villainous Captain Black.[9][125] Gerry Anderson defended his series against the accusations of racism and political incorrectness by reminding critics that Lieutenant Green, Melody Angel and Harmony Angel are heroic characters despite being of either African or Asian descent.[9] Green is the only male black character to have a significant role in an Anderson production.[126]

In academic works, the diversity of the Spectrum personnel in terms of both race and gender has been viewed highly.[21] Bould, for example, mentions "Captain Scarlet's beautiful, multiethnic, female Angel fighter pilots"[20] and "secondary roles played by capable women."[20] In an interview conducted in 2003, Anderson commented on how he and his production team made an effort to include ethnic minorities in the series: "... I think people who make television programmes have a responsibility, particularly when children are watching avidly and you know their minds can be affected almost irreversibly as they grow up. We were very conscious of introducing different ethnic backgrounds."[127]

Guyanese actor Cy Grant, who voiced Green and saw the series as having positive multicultural value,[80][125] has also noted the allegorical nature of Captain Scarlet.[80] Christian symbolism is heavily implied, with Colonel White as God, Captain Black as the Devil, Captain Scarlet as Christ, Cloudbase as Heaven, and characters codenamed "the Angels",[80][125] but Grant also mentions the idea of Lieutenant Green as an African trickster hero.[80] On dualism, he suggests that, "the 'darkness' of the Mysterons is most easily seen as the psychological rift—the struggle of 'good' and 'evil' — of the Western world as personified by Colonel White and his team. Dark and light are but aspects of each other. Incidentally, green is the colour of nature that can heal that rift."[125]

Other media

The photograph depicts a scale toy replica of an unarmoured, futuristic car that is deep red in colour and incorporates an angular bonnet and roof.
Dinky Toys imitation of the Spectrum Patrol Car (or Spectrum Saloon Car, SPC or SSC), the principal unarmoured escort vehicle of Spectrum.

Since the 1960s, associated merchandise has complemented the Captain Scarlet television episodes, examples of which range from children's products such as dolls[11] to a driving-based video game, titled Captain Scarlet, which was released for the PlayStation 2 gaming platform in 2006.[128][129]

Audio

To accompany the television episodes, Century 21 released five further Captain Scarlet stories as vinyl record EPs, each running to approximately 21 minutes,[130] and starring the episode voice actors,[130] in 1967.[130] TV Century 21 script editor Angus P. Allan wrote Introducing Captain Scarlet, Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons and Captain Scarlet of Spectrum,[130] while Captain Scarlet is Indestructible and Captain Scarlet versus Captain Black were scripted by his assistant, Richard O'Neill.[130]

The first of the audio adventures, Introducing Captain Scarlet, is set during the dénouement to the pilot episode, The Mysterons.[131] The plot mainly focuses on a military conference investigating the events of the episode,[131] with the inclusion of audio flashbacks to provide exposition.[131] At the conclusion to the adventure, it is revealed that the Mysteron duplicate of Captain Scarlet has returned to life and that Scarlet's loyalty to Spectrum can be restored with the aid of the advanced computer that appeared in the Andersons' pilot script for "The Mysterons".[131]

Books and comics

In the late 1960s, three tie-in novels were published under the pen name "John Theydon", a pseudonym for author John William Jennison,[132] entitled Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons (1967), Captain Scarlet and the Silent Saboteur (1967) and The Angels and the Creeping Enemy (1968).[12][133] As the title implies, the third of the novels concentrates mainly on the Spectrum Angels as the primary protagonists.[133] Later, in 1993, Young Corgi Books published four novelisations, targeted at children, based upon the original series episodes "The Mysterons", "Lunarville 7", "Noose of Ice" and "The Launching".[133]

Captain Scarlet also formed the basis of three comic strips drawn for the weekly Anderson-related children's comic TV Century 21.[13] Spanning 17 issues (numbers 141–157) from September 1967 to January 1968, the strip adventures were written by Angus P. Allan with artwork by Ron Embleton, and were titled We Will Destroy Unity City, We Will Destroy the Observatory Network and We Shall Make Earth a Planet of Silence.[13] After the television series ended its original run, the comic continued the story of the Captain Scarlet universe, depicting the Mysterons deactivating their Martian computer complex and relinquishing their control of Captain Black, and Scarlet himself quitting Spectrum to use his powers in the fight against Earth-bound criminals and threats.[104] The Mysterons ultimately re-awaken, prompting Scarlet and Spectrum to resume their struggle.[104]

A manga adaptation of the series, titled Captain Scarlet, also ran in the Japanese Shōnen Book anthology from January to August 1968.[134] Meanwhile, Century 21 released annuals based on Captain Scarlet from 1967 to 1969,[133] and the original comic strips reappeared in the TV21 Annual in 1968 and 1969.[133] Additional annuals, published in 1993 and 1994 by Grandreams,[133] accompanied the revived BBC2 broadcasts of the original episodes,[133] before Carlton Books released a 2002 edition complementing the digitally remastered transmissions that started in 2001.[133]

Video and DVD

In the United Kingdom, Captain Scarlet has received a number of home video releases in the VHS format. Carlton Video released the series, both in eight individual volumes and as a "Complete Series Box Set",[135][136] from September 2001 to March 2002.[135][136] Presented with the remastered image and audio quality introduced for the 2001 BBC Two repeat transmissions,[10] the box set includes a ninth tape containing The Indestructible Captain Scarlet, a programme that offers an overview of Spectrum, the Mysterons and the events of Captain Scarlet.[136] Earlier releases, marketed by PolyGram and "Channel 5",[136] had presented the episodes in a different order from the original broadcasts[136] and, in the case of the first two volumes, added to them with the insertion of specially filmed footage for the 1980s ITC releases of the Captain Scarlet compilation films.[136]

Since September 2001, Captain Scarlet has also been available on PAL Region 2 DVD in five instalments, also from Carlton,[94][135] which features a new Dolby 5.1 Surround Sound sound mix, in addition to the original mono track as well.[94][137] Special features for these releases include audio commentaries from Gerry Anderson for the episodes "The Mysterons" and "Attack on Cloudbase", the five tie-in audio adventures from 1967, behind-the-scenes production photos and information on original ITC publicity and merchandise, and TV spots from the 1960s.[94] As is the case for the VHS editions, the five volumes have been also been released together as a "Complete Series Box Set", containing an additional sixth disc that includes Captain Scarlet S.I.G.[138] (a behind-the-scenes documentary produced and presented by Gerry Anderson) and five sets of alternative opening credits.[94]

A four-disc NTSC North American Region 1 edition of the box set, released by A&E Home Video in 2002,[27][137] contains much the same special features as its Region 2 counterpart with the exception of a text-based "Introduction to Captain Scarlet" and items of DVD-ROM material.[137][139] In 2004, Imavision unveiled an alternative French-language edition of the box set aimed at the Canadian market.[94] The set is also available in Japan on Region 2 (as six discs)[94] and Australia on Region 4 (as five discs).[94]

VHS releases (UK)

Title Episodes Date
Captain Scarlet - Complete Series Box Set 1-32 and The Indestructible Captain Scarlet 17 September 2001[140]
The Indestructible Captain Scarlet Special 17 September 2001[141]
Captain Scarlet - Volume 1 1-4 17 September 2001[142]
Captain Scarlet - Volume 2 5-8 17 September 2001[143]
Captain Scarlet - Volume 3 9-12 12 November 2001[144]
Captain Scarlet - Volume 4 13-16 12 November 2001[145]
Captain Scarlet - Volume 5 17-20 28 January 2002[146]
Captain Scarlet - Volume 6 21-24 28 January 2002[147]
Captain Scarlet - Volume 7 25-28 18 March 2002[148]
Captain Scarlet - Volume 8 29-32 18 March 2002[149]

DVD releases

Title Episodes Region 2 Region 1 Region 4
Captain Scarlet - Complete Series Box Set 1–32 17 September 2001[150] 25 June 2002[151]
26 January 2010[152]		 11 November 2009[153]
Captain Scarlet - Volume 1 1–6 17 September 2001[154] N/A N/A
Captain Scarlet - Volume 2 7–12 17 September 2001[155] N/A N/A
Captain Scarlet - Volume 3 13–18 12 November 2001[156] N/A N/A
Captain Scarlet - Volume 4 19–24 12 November 2001[157] N/A N/A
Captain Scarlet - Volume 5 25-32 12 November 2001[158] N/A N/A

Later productions

Distribution rights to much of the ITC Entertainment catalogue have been transferred since the 1980s, initially to PolyGram Entertainment,[159][160][161] (or "PolyGram Television")[160] then Carlton International in the late 1990s[159][162] after a partial sale to the BBC in 1991.[161] In 2004, Carlton International merged into Granada International,[160] the current rights holder,[159] which in 2008 was renamed ITV Global Entertainment,[160] a division of ITV plc.[160] Theatrical release rights are held by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM).[159] In addition to other projects, Gerry Anderson announced plans for a live-action film adaptation of Captain Scarlet in 2000[163] and again in 2002[164][165][166] during the production of the Thunderbirds film released in 2004, but the idea has not been developed since.

Compilation films

Main articles: Captain Scarlet vs the Mysterons and Revenge of the Mysterons from Mars

In 1980, the New York offices of ITC, under the supervision of Robert Mandell,[167] combined episodes from the original series to make two compilation films for American audiences, with the aim of reviving transatlantic syndication sales.[167] This became common practice for Anderson productions during the 1980s, with made-for-television films comprising episodes of Stingray and Thunderbirds airing to US cable audiences under the generic promotional banner of "Super Space Theater".[168] On 24 November 1988, the second Captain Scarlet film, Revenge of the Mysterons from Mars, was broadcast as the second episode of the American television series Mystery Science Theater 3000, from Minneapolis, on station KTMA.

CGI test film and series

Main article: Gerry Anderson's New Captain Scarlet

In 1999, Gerry Anderson supervised the production of a short computer-animated test film, Captain Scarlet and the Return of the Mysterons, to explore the possibility of updating a number of his 1960s Supermarionation series for a 21st-century audience.[22][169] The working title was Captain Scarlet—The New Millennium.[169] Produced in London by the Moving Picture Company,[22] the film features Francis Matthews and Ed Bishop reprising the roles of Captains Scarlet and Blue.[57][169] Made using a combination of Maya 3D computer graphics software and motion-capture technology,[2][169] the plot commences a few years after the Mysterons end their hostilities against Earth, but the reappearance of Captain Black sets the stage for a revival of the war with Mars.[2] Although the film has yet to receive a home video release, it was publicly screened at a Fanderson convention in 2000[10][163][169] and at a science lecture in 2001.[10]

Plans for a full CGI Captain Scarlet television series to follow the test film finally resulted in Gerry Anderson's New Captain Scarlet. A reboot of the original series, this was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on the Saturday-morning CITV programme, Ministry of Mayhem, from 12 February 2005.[170] Produced by "Anderson Entertainment" and the "Indestructible Production Company",[169][171] the animation used to create the series is billed in the credits as "Hypermarionation"[171] to acknowledge the 1960s puppet technique, Supermarionation.[171]

References

Notes
  1. ^ The Zero-X and its lander craft, the Martian Exploration Vehicle (MEV), appear in the first Thunderbirds film, Thunderbirds Are Go. Production documentation from Captain Scarlet confirms that the MEV that appears in "The Mysterons" is the same vehicle, which places this series in the same fictional universe as Thunderbirds (Bentley, 59), set in 2065. Spectrum personnel biographies in Bentley's The Complete Book of Captain Scarlet also place the events of Stingray (set in 2064) and Fireball XL5 (set in 2063) in this universe (Bentley, 46–7, 50).
  2. ^ The transformation of Captain Black from human to Mysteron is indicated by a paling of the character's face and a deepening of his voice to match that of the Mysterons.
  3. ^ Spectrum Pursuit Vehicles (SPV) and Angel Interceptor fighter aircraft are two of a number of vehicles that Spectrum has at its disposal. The Spectrum Patrol Car (or Saloon Car, acronym either SPC of SSC) is used for unarmed land travel, while the Maximum Security Vehicle (MSV) and Yellow Fox, an unmarked security transport disguised as a fuel tanker, are used to protect Mysteron targets. Additional aircraft include the Spectrum Passenger Jet, the two-seater Spectrum Helicopter and the Magnacopter for transporting larger numbers of passengers.
  4. ^ In communications, Spectrum personnel use the call signal "SIG" ("Spectrum Is Green") as their affirmative code. The negative, "SIR" ("Spectrum Is Red"), is used less often.
  5. ^ In the fictional universe of Captain Scarlet, power from many individual nations has been vested in a World Government, which is headed by an elected World President and operates its own military and security forces. Spectrum is a unified operation established to provide a more efficient service than these separate bodies, since it is not hindered by interdepartmental red-tape (Bentley, 43).
  6. ^ For the pilot episode exclusively, different techniques are used to indicate the Mysteron influence: in place of the Mysteron rings, the destroyed complex on Mars is reconstructed by a beam of blue light, while the deaths of the original Captain Scarlet and Captain Brown are preceded by a transition from a full-colour picture to a blue monochrome. The rings make their first appearance in the second episode, "Winged Assassin".
  7. ^ When killed, Mysteron reconstructions are normally permanently destroyed. The one exception to this is Scarlet, who can die and subsequently revive. The character's biography in The Complete Book of Captain Scarlet states that the Mysterons intended their duplicate of Scarlet to be "indestructible", in contrast with their other reconstructions of deceased humans (Bentley, 44).
  8. ^ Scarlet demonstrates this ability in the episodes "Winged Assassin" (production number: 2), "Point 783" (production number: 5) and "Seek and Destroy" (production number: 9), but no others. From the episode "Spectrum Strikes Back" (production number: 10), Captain Scarlet is apparently unaware of the presence of Mysteron agents when near to them. He demonstrates an ability to sense the presence of Mysteron agents in the five EP records, and in the novel Captain Scarlet and the Silent Saboteur.
  9. ^ During the course of the series, two other Spectrum officers are killed and reconstructed by the Mysterons in addition to Scarlet and Black, but their likenesses do not possess the power of retro-metabolism: Captain Brown in "The Mysterons" (who explodes in proximity to, and almost assassinates, the World President in that episode) and Captain Indigo in "Spectrum Strikes Back" (who is permanently destroyed by the Mysteron Gun).
  10. ^ In "Spectrum Strikes Back," a line of dialogue from Captain Scarlet states that the Mysteron Gun "is the only gun that can kill a Mysteron." The gun fires lethal beams of electrons and is not shown in other episodes. Episodes both preceding and following "Spectrum Strikes Back" portray Mysteron agents as being vulnerable to conventional means of destruction, such as explosions (an example of which is in the 11th produced episode, "Avalanche") or bullets (of which there are many examples, including the 12th produced episode, "Shadow of Fear").
  11. ^ No real names, except those of Scarlet and Blue, are used in the television episodes. Instead, they originate from licensed associated media, such as Bentley's The Complete Book of Captain Scarlet.
  12. ^ "Lieutenant" is generally pronounced in the British manner, /lɛfˈtɛnənt/ ("left-tenant"), by all but the American characters in the series.
Primary sources
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "The Mysterons". Written by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson. Directed by Desmond Saunders. Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons. First broadcast 29 September 1967. Episode 1.
  2. ^ a b "Winged Assassin". Written by Tony Barwick. Directed by David Lane. Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons. First broadcast 6 October 1967. Episode 2.
  3. ^ "Flight to Atlantica". Written by Tony Barwick. Directed by Leo Eaton. Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons. First broadcast 30 April 1968. Episode 30.
  4. ^ a b "Dangerous Rendezvous". Written by Tony Barwick. Directed by Brian Burgess. Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons. First broadcast 9 February 1968. Episode 19.
  5. ^ a b "Operation Time". Written by Richard Conway and Stephen J. Mattick. Directed by Ken Turner. Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons. First broadcast 17 November 1967. Episode 8.
  6. ^ "Spectrum Strikes Back". Written by Tony Barwick. Directed by Ken Turner. Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons. First broadcast 24 November 1967. Episode 9.
  7. ^ "Lunarville 7". Written by Tony Barwick. Directed by Robert Lynn. Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons. First broadcast 15 December 1967. Episode 12.
  8. ^ "Crater 101". Written by Tony Barwick. Directed by Ken Turner. Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons. First broadcast 26 January 1968. Episode 17.
  9. ^ "Shadow of Fear". Written by Tony Barwick. Directed by Robert Lynn. Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons. First broadcast 2 February 1968. Episode 18.
  10. ^ "The Trap". Written by Alan Pattillo. Directed by Alan Perry. Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons. First broadcast 10 November 1967. Episode 7.
  11. ^ "Flight 104". Written by Tony Barwick. Directed by Robert Lynn. Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons. First broadcast 1 March 1968. Episode 22.
  12. ^ "Noose of Ice". Written by Tony Barwick. Directed by Ken Turner. Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons. First broadcast 12 March 1968. Episode 24.
  13. ^ "Treble Cross". Written by Tony Barwick. Directed by Alan Perry. Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons. First broadcast 23 February 1968. Episode 21.
  14. ^ "Manhunt". Written by Tony Barwick. Directed by Alan Perry. Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons. First broadcast 20 October 1967. Episode 4.
  15. ^ "Attack on Cloudbase". Written by Tony Barwick. Directed by Ken Turner. Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons. First broadcast 7 May 1968. Episode 31.
  16. ^ "The Inquisition". Written by Tony Barwick. Directed by Ken Turner. Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons. First broadcast 14 May 1968. Episode 32.
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  152. ^ "Captain Scarlet: The Complete Series". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/Captain-Scarlet-Complete-Gerry-Anderson/dp/B0031RAP18/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1316195127&sr=8-1. Retrieved 16 September 2011. 
  153. ^ "Captain Scarlet (Gerry Anderson's) - Complete Series (5 Disc Set". Ezydvd.com.au. http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/captain-scarlet-gerry-andersons-complete-series-5-disc-set/dp/808895. Retrieved 16 September 2011. 
  154. ^ "Captain Scarlet - Volume 1 [DVD [1967]"]. Amazon.co.uk. http://www.amazon.co.uk/Captain-Scarlet-Complete-Box-Set/dp/B00005IBK9/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1316195118&sr=8-1. Retrieved 16 September 2011. 
  155. ^ "Captain Scarlet - Volume 2 [DVD [1967]"]. Amazon.co.uk. http://www.amazon.co.uk/Captain-Scarlet-DVD-Francis-Matthews/dp/B00005M9BW/ref=sr_1_23?ie=UTF8&qid=1316196224&sr=8-23. Retrieved 16 September 2011. 
  156. ^ "Captain Scarlet - Volume 3 [DVD [1967]"]. Amazon.co.uk. http://www.amazon.co.uk/Captain-Scarlet-DVD-Francis-Matthews/dp/B00005M9BX/ref=sr_1_21?ie=UTF8&qid=1316196168&sr=8-21. Retrieved 16 September 2011. 
  157. ^ "Captain Scarlet - Volume 4 [DVD [1967]"]. Amazon.co.uk. http://www.amazon.co.uk/Captain-Scarlet-DVD-Francis-Matthews/dp/B00005M9BY/ref=sr_1_26?ie=UTF8&qid=1316196224&sr=8-26. Retrieved 16 September 2011. 
  158. ^ "Captain Scarlet - Volume 5 [DVD [1967]"]. Amazon.co.uk. http://www.amazon.co.uk/Captain-Scarlet-DVD-Francis-Matthews/dp/B00005M9BZ/ref=sr_1_30?ie=UTF8&qid=1316196224&sr=8-30. Retrieved 16 September 2011. 
  159. ^ a b c d Buxton, Roddy (5 February 2008). "Cinema for Television". transdiffusion.org. Archived from the original on 4 June 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080604104428/www.transdiffusion.org/emc/behindthescreens/cinema_for_tele.php. Retrieved 12 April 2010. 
  160. ^ a b c d e "British Film and TV Rights and Distribution Histories". BFI screenonline. 5 May 2009. Archived from the original on 22 August 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080822071937/http://www.bfi.org.uk/filmtvinfo/researchers/distribution/british.html. Retrieved 12 April 2010. 
  161. ^ a b Archer and Hearn, 260.
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  163. ^ a b Martin, Marc (April 2001). "An American UFO Fan Goes to 'Century 21'". Communiqué Newsletter (Official American UFO Fan Club) (92). Archived from the original on 7 February 2008. http://ufoseries.com/conventions/c21Report.html. Retrieved 6 November 2009. 
  164. ^ "The Hound—October 2002: Thunderbirds Not So FAB?". toonhound.com. 8 October 2002. Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. http://www.toonhound.com/oct2002.htm. Retrieved 22 November 2009. 
  165. ^ "The Hound—April 2003: Scarlet in the Red". toonhound.com. 28 April 2003. Archived from the original on 10 April 2008. http://www.toonhound.com/april2003.htm. Retrieved 26 November 2009. 
  166. ^ "The Hound—September 2005: Thunder in the Air". toonhound.com. 18 September 2005. Archived from the original on 20 April 2008. http://www.toonhound.com/sept2005.htm. Retrieved 22 November 2009. 
  167. ^ a b Bentley, 121.
  168. ^ Bentley: Episode Guide, 361.
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  170. ^ Bentley: Episode Guide, 282.
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Bibliography
  • Archer, Simon (1993). Gerry Anderson's FAB Facts. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-638247-9. 
  • Archer, Simon; Hearn, Marcus (2002). What Made Thunderbirds Go! The Authorised Biography of Gerry Anderson. London: BBC Books. ISBN 0-563-53481-8. 
  • Bentley, Chris (2001). The Complete Book of Captain Scarlet. London: Carlton Books. ISBN 1-84222-405-0. 
  • Bentley, Chris (2008) [2001]. The Complete Gerry Anderson: The Authorised Episode Guide (4 ed.). Richmond, London: Reynolds and Hearn. ISBN 978-1-905287-74-1. 
  • Bould, Mark (2008). "Science Fiction Television in the United Kingdom". In Telotte, J.P. The Essential Science Fiction Television Reader. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2492-6. 
  • Cull, Nicholas J. (2006). "The Man who Made Thunderbirds: An Interview with Gerry Anderson". In Cook, John R.; Wright, Peter. British Science Fiction Television: A Hitchhiker's Guide. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-84511-048-X. 
  • Cull, Nicholas J. (August 2006). "Was Captain Black Really Red? The TV Science Fiction of Gerry Anderson in its Cold War Context". Media History (Routledge) 12 (2). doi:10.1080/13688800600808005. ISSN 1368-8804. OCLC 364457089. 
  • La Rivière, Stephen (2009). Filmed in Supermarionation: A History of the Future. Neshannock, Pennsylvania: Hermes Press. ISBN 1-932563-23-7. 
  • Marriott, John; Rogers, Dave; Drake, Chris; Bassett, Graeme (1993). Supermarionation Classics: Stingray, Thunderbirds and Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons. London: Boxtree. ISBN 1-85283-900-7. 
  • Peel, John (1993). Thunderbirds, Stingray, Captain Scarlet: The Authorised Programme Guide. London: Virgin Books. ISBN 0-86369-728-3. 
Production locations
  1. ^ Slough Trading Estate: 51°31′28″N 0°37′30″W / 51.5244°N 0.6250°W / 51.5244; -0.6250 (Slough Trading Estate, Slough, Berkshire) (principal photography and editing)
  2. ^ Standard Telecommunication Laboratories: 51°46′44″N 0°07′41″E / 51.779°N 0.128°E / 51.779; 0.128 (Standard Telecommunication Laboratories, Harlow, Essex) (electronic collaboration)
  3. ^ Anvil Films Recording Studio: 51°33′48″N 0°29′55″W / 51.5632°N 0.4987°W / 51.5632; -0.4987 (Anvil Films Recording Studio, Denham, Buckinghamshire) (voice recording)

External links

v · d · eCaptain Scarlet and the Mysterons and Gerry Anderson's New Captain Scarlet
Characters
Voice cast
Concepts
Cloudbase · Mysteron · Spectrum Patrol/Saloon Car · Spectrum Pursuit Vehicle · Zero-X
Episodes
Series One: "The Mysterons" · "Winged Assassin" · "Big Ben Strikes Again" · "Manhunt" · "Avalanche" · "White as Snow" · "The Trap" · "Operation Time" · "Spectrum Strikes Back" · "Special Assignment" · "The Heart of New York" · "Lunarville 7" · "Point 783" · "Model Spy" · "Seek and Destroy" · "Renegade Rocket" · "Crater 101" · "Shadow of Fear" · "Dangerous Rendezvous" · "Fire at Rig 15" · "Treble Cross" · "Flight 104" · "Place of Angels" · "Noose of Ice" · "Expo 2068" · "The Launching" · "Codename Europa" · "Inferno" · "Traitor" · "Flight to Atlantica" · "Attack on Cloudbase" · "The Inquisition"
Series One · Series Two
Production
Writers
Directors
David Lane · Robert Lynn · Desmond Saunders · Ken Turner
See also
Category Category
v · d · eGerry Anderson
Television
1950s-1960s
1970s-1980s
1990s-2000s
Film
Companies
Techniques
Other media
Notable people
Category Category
v · d · eITC Distributions Chronology
Swashbucklers
(1954—1961)
Historical
(1957, 1978)
1957: OSS • 1978: Will Shakespeare
Contemporary crime/Spy-fi
(1959—1979)
1959: Interpol Calling • 1960: Danger Man • 61: Ghost Squad • 62: The Saint • Man of the World • 63: The Sentimental Agent • 64: Danger Man (hour long episodes) • 65: Gideon's Way • 66: The Baron • 67: Man in a Suitcase • The Prisoner • 68: The Champions • Strange Report • 69: Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) • Department S • 1971: Jason King • The Persuaders! • 72: The Protectors • The Adventurer • 74: The Zoo Gang • 78: Return of the Saint • 79: Sapphire & Steel
Gerry Anderson productions
(1964—1975, 1980)
1964: Stingray • 65: Thunderbirds • 67: Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons • 68: Joe 90 • 69: The Secret Service • 1970: UFO • 75: Space: 1999 • 1980: Captain Scarlet vs the Mysterons (unofficial) • Revenge of the Mysterons from Mars (unofficial)
Films
(1975—1982)
Religious productions
(1976, 1977)
Jim Henson productions
(1976—1982)
American productions
(1959—1971)

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