- Devolution (biological fallacy)
In common parlance, "devolution", or backward evolution is the notion a species may evolve into more "
primitive " forms. From a scientific perspective, devolution does not exist. [Michael J. Dougherty. [http://www.sciam.com/askexpert_question.cfm?articleID=00071863-683B-1C72-9EB7809EC588F2D7 Is the human race evolving or devolving?] July 20, 1998.] Lay people may seeevolution as "progress", reflecting the 19th century ideas ofLamarckism andorthogenesis , but modern genetically-based biologicalevolution theory asserts that evolution occurs by such mechanisms asnatural selection ,genetic drift , andmutation , and is therefore not directional, forward or backward in time; hence "devolution" is not a valid concept.It should not be confused with "evo-devo" which is shorthand for
evolutionary developmental biology .Misconceptions about evolution
* "Species evolve because they need to in order to adapt to environmental changes".Biologists refer to this misconception as
teleology , the idea ofintrinsic finality that things are "supposed" to be and behave a certain way, and naturally tend to act that way to pursue their own good. As the fossil record demonstrates that more than ninety nine percent of all species that ever lived are now extinct it is clear that most species do not evolve despite radical environmental changes. From a biological viewpoint, when species evolve it is not a reaction to necessity, but rather that the population contains variations with traits that favour theirnatural selection .
* "Evolution means progress to more advanced organisms".This presumes that there is somehow a preferred hierarchy of structure and function, for example that "feet are better than hooves" or "lung s are better thangill s", and can lead to the idea that change to "less advanced" structure can be called "devolution". To biologists this is an aspect of teleology, the supposition that there is purpose or directive principle in the works and processes of nature. A biologist sees all such changes as evolution, since for the organisms possessing the changed structures, each is a useful adaptation to their circumstances. For example, hooves have advantages for running quickly on plains as horses do, and feet have advantages in climbing trees as the ancestors of humans did.
* "Humans are the ultimate product or goal of evolution." This belief is related toanthropocentrism , the idea that human existence is the point of all universal existence, and is a variation on the idea of "progress". To a biologist, describing the biological evolutionary process as goal-oriented would seem as ludicrous as a physicist claiming that the ultimate goal of gravity is to keep the Earth in its present orbit.
* "Increasing complexity is the necessary outcome of evolution."Biologists studying theevolution of complexity find evidence of many examples of decreasing complexity in the record of evolution. The lower jaw in fish, reptiles and mammals has seen a decrease in complexity, if measured by the number of bones. Ancestors of modern horses had several toes on each foot; modern horses have a single hoofed toe. Modern humans may be evolving towards never havingwisdom teeth , and already have lost the tail found in many other mammals - not to mention othervestigial structures, such as thevermiform appendix or thenictitating membrane .Use of the term by opponents of evolution
As with other modern
science s,biology is based on a methodological assumption of philosophical naturalism to study and explain the natural world, without assuming the existence or nonexistence of thesupernatural . In contrast,creationism andintelligent design are based onteleology in seeking to prove the existence of an organizing principle behind natural laws and phenomena. Opponents of evolution use theteleological argument for the existence of God, and seek to displaceevolution as the central organizing concept in biology. To do so, some redefine "evolution" in their terms, and introduce "devolution" to show that evolution theory is incorrect.Examples include Mastropaulo, [http://www.csulb.edu/~jmastrop/data3.html "Biology vs Evolution", Joseph Mastropaolo, Ph.D., Creation Research Society Quarterly 38: 151-158, 2001] who argues that "Change over time," 'definition one' of evolution, actually describes devolution to extinction, the exact opposite of evolution.... actual epidemiological data from human genetic disorders and fatal birth defects, identify 'natural selection,' the alleged 'primary mechanism' for evolution, as actually a mechanism for devolution to extinction, the exact opposite of evolution." and elsewhere, [ [http://www.kolbecenter.org/Mastro_bioeliminates.pdf "Biology Eliminates Evolution and Confirms Genesis" (pdf)] (google cache [http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:shlivKtxzpAJ:www.kolbecenter.org/Mastro_bioeliminates.pdf+devolve+devolution+biology+fallacy&hl=en&client=safari] )] "Evolution is the development of an organism from its chemicals or primitive state to its present state. Devolution is the sequence toward greater simplicity or disappearance or degeneration."
The term has been used in the play "
Inherit the Wind ", the character of Matthew Brady (representative ofWilliam Jennings Bryan ) using the term to argue that "ape devolved from man", mocking evolutionary theory by offering an alternative he considers just as plausible. In fact, the suggestion of ape degenerating from "man" was brought up by the early young-earth creationistGeorge McReady Price in a work published before theScopes Trial :The term was also popularized in the late 1970s by the musical group
Devo (see Early Years), where it was used (initially) jokingly as a theme by membersGerald Casale and Bob Lewis.treamlining evolution
"Devolution", the verb "devolve" and the past participle "devolved" are all common terms in
science fiction for changes over time in populations of living things that make them less complex and remove some of their former adaptations. The terminology used herein is nontechnical, but the phenomenon is a real but counter-intuitive one, more accurately known as streamlining evolution. Since the development and maintenance of a feature such as an organ or ametabolite has anopportunity cost , changes in the environment that reduce the utility of an adaptation may mean that a higher evolutionary fitness is achieved by no longer using the adaptation, thus better using resources. This requires a mutation that inactivates one or more genes, perhaps by a change toDNA methylation or amethionine codon . Streamlining evolution allows evolution to remove features no longer of much/any use, like scaffolding on a completed bridge.However, "devolution" in practice typically refers to changes that occur from a problem no longer existing rather than superior solutions existing. For instance, of the several hundred known species of animal that live their entire lives in total darkness, most have non-functional eyes rather than no eyes. This is due, for instance, to deterioration of the
optic nerve . It occurs because mutations that prevent eye formation have low probability. However, several eyeless animal species, such as theKauai cave wolf spider , who live in total darkness, and whose ancestry mostly had eyes, do exist. Together withgene duplication , streamlining evolution makes evolution surprisingly able to produce radical changes, despite being limited to successive, slight modifications.ee also
*
Degeneracy
*Dysgenics
*Evolution of complexity
*Great chain of being
*HeLa
*Ulas family
*Yeridat ha-dorot Notes and citations
External links
* [http://www.sciam.com/askexpert_question.cfm?articleID=00071863-683B-1C72-9EB7809EC588F2D7 Scientific American; Biology: Is the human race evolving or devolving?]
* [http://www.talkorigins.org/indexcc/CB/CB932.html Claim CB932: Evolution of degenerate forms]
* [http://ajanimgo.com/2007/09/03/the-purposeful-evolution-technology/ A Philosophical Look at De-Evolution - Really?]
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