Corallus caninus

Corallus caninus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Subphylum:	Vertebrata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Boidae
Subfamily:	Boinae
Genus:	Corallus
Species:	C. caninus
Binomial name
Corallus caninus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
[Boa] canina - Linnaeus, 1758 [Boa] Hipnale - Linnaeus, 1758 Boa thalassina - Laurenti, 1768 Boa aurantiaca - Laurenti, 1768 Boa exigua - Laurenti, 1768 Xiphosoma araramboya - Wagler, 1824 Xiphosoma canina - Fitzinger, 1843 Xiphosoma caninum - A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 Chrysenis batesii - Gray, 1860 Corallus caninus - Boulenger, 1893 Boa canina - Amaral, 1825 Corallus caninus - Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970[1]

Common names: emerald tree boa.^[2]

Corallus caninus is a non-venomous boa species found in the rainforests of South America. No subspecies are currently recognized.^[3]

Description

C. caninus

Adults grow to about 6 feet (1.8 m) in length. They have highly developed front teeth that are likely proportionately larger than those of any other non-venomous snake.^[4]

The color pattern typically consists of an emerald green ground color with a white irregular interrupted zigzag stripe or so-called 'lightning bolts' down the back and a yellow belly. The bright coloration and markings are very distinctive among South American snakes. Juveniles vary in color between various shades of light and dark orange or brick-red before ontogenetic coloration sets in and the animals turn emerald green (after 9–12 months of age). This also occurs in Morelia viridis, a species in which hatchlings and juveniles may also be canary yellow or brick-red. As opposed to popular belief, yellow juveniles (as in the green tree python) do not occur in the emerald tree boa.

From the National Aquarium in Baltimore

Based on locality, enough that some herpetologists have considered whether they should be classified as a new subspecies. The name recently suggested for this morphological variant, but not yet widely accepted, is Corallus batesii [Henderson]. Specimens from the Amazon River basin tend to grow the largest, are much more docile than their Northern relatives and attain lengths of 7–9 feet (2.1–2.7 m), while the overall average size is closer to 6 feet (1.8 m). Those from the southern end of their range in Peru tend to be darker in color. Amazon Basin specimens generally have an uninterrupted white dorsal line, whereas the white markings in the Northern Shield^{[clarification needed]} specimens are quite variable. The snout scales in Amazon Basin specimens are also much smaller than in their Northern, Southern and Western counterparts found, for example, in Surinam, Venezuela, Bolivia,and French Guiana. Hybrid forms between the Northern Shield Corallus caninus and the Amazon Basin form are also known to exist.

C. caninus appears very similar to the green tree python, Morelia viridis, from southeast Asia and Australia. Only very distantly related, this is an example of convergent evolution. Physical differences include the head scalation and the location of the heat pits around the mouth.

Geographic range

Found in South America in the Amazon Basin region of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, northern Bolivia, Brazil, and from Venezuela to Surinam and the Guianas within the so-called Northern Shield. The type locality given is "Americae."^[1] The 'Basin' variant', as the name suggests, is only found along the basin of the Amazon River, in southern Surinam, southern Guiana, southern Venezuela to Colombia, Peru and Brazil and in the surrounding jungles of the Amazon River.

Behavior

C. caninus

A strictly nocturnal and arboreal species. It spends its days in a characteristic coil over a tree branch with its head perched at the center. At night, it will remain coiled on its branch. But extends its head downwards. Curled as if about to strike. It will hold still in this position, waiting for prey to approach directly below. Prey is grasped with the long frontal teeth, pulled in and constricted to asphyxiation.

Feeding

The diet consists primarily of small mammals, but they have been known to eat some smaller bird species as well as lizards and frogs. Due to the extremely slow metabolism of this species, it feeds much less often than ground dwelling species and meals may be several months apart.

Previously, it had been thought that the primary diet consisted of birds. However, studies of the stomach contents of this species indicate that the majority of its diet consists of small mammals. Juvenile and neonates have also been known to feed on small lizards and frogs, particularly glass frogs (observation made by Henderson et al.).

It catches the prey with a high speed.

Reproduction

Ovoviviparous, with females producing an average of between 6 and 14 young at a time, sometimes even more. Litters exceeding these numbers are extremely rare. Newly born juveniles have a distinctive brick-red to orange coloration and gradually go through an ontogenetic color change over a period of 12 months, gradually turning to full emerald green.

See also

• List of boine species and subspecies
• Boinae by common name
• Boinae by taxonomic synonyms

References

1. ^ ^{a b} McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
2. ^ Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
3. ^ "Corallus caninus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=634792. Retrieved 3 July 2008. 
4. ^ Stidworthy J. 1974. Snakes of the World. Grosset & Dunlap Inc. 160 pp. ISBN 0-448-11856-4.

Further reading

• Mattison, Chris (1999). Snake. DK Publishing. ISBN 0-7894-4660-X. 

External links

• Corallus caninus at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 4 July 2008.
• Corallus.com: Emerald Tree Boa at Corallus Dot Com. Accessed 4 July 2008.
• Amazon Basins LLC. Accessed 4 July 2008.
• Corallus caninuS. Accessed 8 August 2008.