Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science

The Special Astrophysical Observatory ( _ru. Специальная Астрофизическая Обсерватория), or SAO RAS for short, is an astronomical observatory, set up in 1966 in the USSR, now operated by the Russian Academy of Sciences. Based in the Bolshoi Zelenchuk Valley of the Greater Caucasus near the village of Nizhny Arkhyz, the observatory houses the large BTA-6 optical telescope and RATAN-600 radio telescope. The two instruments are about 20 km apart.

BTA-6 optical telescope

The BTA-6 ( _ru. "Большой Телескоп Азимутальный", or "Large Altazimuth Telescope") was for several years the world's largest solid-mirror reflecting telescope. The BTA-6 has a prime mirror diameter of 6 m and is housed in a 48 m diameter dome at an altitude of 2,070 m. Seeing first light in late 1975, it held the record from its completion until 1993, when it was surpassed by the Keck 1 telescope, Hawaii. Telescopes of comparable or larger size have subsequently employed flexible or segmented mirrors, and the BTA-6 remains the world's largest rigid-mirror telescope until the advent of spin-casting technology (which produced, for example, the single 8.4-meter primary mirror of the Large Binocular Telescope in the late 1990s). Its altazimuth mounting dictates the need for a field derotation mechanism to maintain the orientation of the field of view.

Initial results were disappointing due to cracking of the first borosilicate mirror, which was replaced in 1978. The large housing dome and massive 42 tonne mirror make it difficult to maintain the telescope at a suitable constant temperature during observing sessions. Atmospheric turbulence caused by windflow over the nearby Caucasus peaks can lead to poor "seeing" at the site, and observations with an angular resolution better than an arcsecond are rare. Despite these shortcomings, the BTA-6 remains a significant instrument, able to image objects as faint as the 26th magnitude.

Other optical telescopes

Along with the BTA-6, the SAO operates two smaller telescopes at the BTA site, both built by Carl Zeiss. Both instruments are used in support of BTA-6 programs, as well as independent observation runs. On the advice of the SAO, programs originally booked for the BTA-6 can be moved to these telescopes, which takes up about 10% of their time. [ [http://w0.sao.ru/Doc-en/Telescopes/small/descrip.html Small telescopes] ]

The larger instrument, the 1 m Zeiss-1000, is located a few hundred meters from BTA-6 in its own building, which consists of a series of offices surrounding the main cylindrical instrument building with the dome on top. First light on the Zeiss-1000 was in 1990, and the installation, including additional instrumentation, was fully completed since 1993.

In 1994 they were joined by a 60 cm Zeiss instrument, formerly part of the Kazan State University's observatory. This is located only a few tens of meters from the Zeiss-1000, in a much simpler building consisting only of the dome and supporting masonry walls.

RATAN-600 radio telescope

The RATAN-600 radio telescope ( _ru. РАТАН-600 - "РАдиоТелескоп Академии Наук", or the "Academy of Science Radio Telescope"), which consists of a 576 m diameter circle of rectangular radio reflectors, is also based at the observatory at an altitude of 970 m. Each of the 895 2×7.4 m reflectors can be pointed towards a central conical receiver or to one of five cylindric reflectors. Each reflector is combined with instrumentation cabin. The overall effect is that of a partially steerable antenna with the resolving power of a 600 m diameter dish (when using the central conical receiver), making it the world's largest diameter individual radio telescope.

The RATAN-600 is primarily operated as a transit telescope, in which the rotation of the earth is used to sweep the telescope focus across the subject of observation. Radio frequency observations can be made in the frequency band 610 MHz to 30 GHz, though primarily in the centimetric waveband, with an angular resolution of up to 2 arcseconds. Observation of the Sun at radio wavelengths, in particular of the solar corona, has been a long-standing focus of the RATAN-600's scientific programme. It has also contributed to radio observation for the SETI project. The RATAN-600 has not been dogged by the technical problems of the neighbouring BTA-6, and has generally been in high demand since its first operations in mid-1974.

See also

* List of largest optical reflecting telescopes

References

External links

* [http://www.sao.ru/Doc-en/index.html SAO homepage (English and Russian)]
* [http://www.sao.ru/BTAcontrol/bta.html BTA-6 webcam]
* [http://www.astr.ua.edu/keel/telescopes/bta.html Bolshoi Teleskop Azimutalnyi, by Bill Keel]
* [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=43.826106,41.586771&spn=0.027236,0.058545&t=k&hl=en Satellite photo of RATAN-600 on Google Maps] , centered on the centre of the telescope
* [http://maps.google.com/maps?t=k&hl=en&ll=43.646759,41.440773&spn=0.049127,0.094671 Satellite photo of BTA-6 on Google Maps] , centered on the telescope

References and further reading

*cite journal | author=Parijskij, N & Korol'kov, D| title= "Experiment Cold: The first deep sky survey with the RATAN-600 radio telescope" | journal=Sov. Sci. Rev. E Astrophys. Space Phys. | year=1986 | volume=Vol 5 | issue= | pages= p39–179 | url=http://brown.nord.nw.ru/CG/cold/cold.htm
*cite journal | author=Ioannisiani BK, Neplokhov EM, Kopylov IM, Rylov VS, Snezhko LI.| title= "The Zelenchuk 6M telescope (BTA) of the USSR Academy of Sciences" | journal=ASSL Vol. 92: IAU Colloq. 67 | year=1982| volume= | issue= | pages= 3–10 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1982ialo.coll....3I&db_key=AST