Irish bouzouki

Infobox Instrument
name= Irish bouzouki
names=


classification=
*Plucked string instrument
range=
related=
* Bouzouki (Greece)
* Cittern
* Mandolin
* Octave mandolin

The Irish bouzouki (colloquially, the "zouk") is a derivative of the Greek bouzouki.

The bouzouki, in the newer "tetraxordo" (four course/eight string) Greek version, was introduced into Irish Traditional Music in the late 1960s, by Johnny Moynihan, of the popular folk group Sweeney's Men, and popularised by Andy Irvine and Dónal Lunny in the group Planxty. In a separate but parallel development Alec Finn, later with the Galway-based traditional group De Dannan, obtained a "trixordo" (three course/six string) Greek bouzouki on his own. Irish bouzouki players tend to use the instrument less for virtuoso melodic work and more for chordal and contrapuntal accompaniment for tunes played on other instruments, such as the flute or fiddle; in response, many or most players changed the octave strings in the two bass courses to unison pairs in order to enhance the bass response of the instrument.

Within a few years of the bouzouki's initial introduction a design built specifically for Irish traditional music was developed. The body was widened and in most cases a flat back with straight sides replaced the round, stave-built back of the Greek bouzouki, or, in the case of English builder [http://www.xs4all.nl/~hspeek/bouzouki/abnett.html] Peter Abnett, who was the first instrument maker to build a uniquely "Irish" bouzouki - for Dónal Lunny in 1970 - a hybrid design with a 3-piece dished back and straight sides. All of the initial Irish bouzoukis had flat tops, but within a few years some builders began experimenting with carved, arched tops taking their cue from American archtop guitars and mandolins.

Hardly anyone uses the Greek bouzouki for Irish music today; Alec Finn and Mick Conneely are the only professionals of any consequence who use them. Scots mandolin player Kevin MacLeod uses a "tetraxordo" Greek bouzouki in octave mandolin tuning G2D3A3E4, mainly for melodic work.

The tuning G2D3A3D4, first pioneered by Johnny Moynihan on the mandolin (an octave higher at G3D4A4E5) and then adapted to the Greek bouzouki, was picked up by Irvine and Lunny and quickly became the next thing to a standard tuning for the Irish bouzouki. Although some players employ mandolin tuning, pitched down an octave as G2D3A3E4, they are very much in the minority, and an even smaller group use A2D3A3D4. A few players use octave pairing on the two bass courses. Ironically, the Irish tunings are closer to the D3A3D4 tuning of the original Greek "trixordo" bouzouki than is the guitar-like tuning C3F3A3D4 used on the modern Greek "tetraxordo", and lend themselves particularly well to a modal harmonic approach for Irish traditional music. The Irish bouzouki has become fully integrated into the tradition over the past forty years, usually (although not always) playing accompaniment (mostly a mix of two note intervals, basslines, and bits of countermelody) rather than the melody.

Amongst some luthiers and musicians the Irish bouzouki is considered to be part of the mandolin family, the other instruments of which include the mandolin, mandola (called "tenor mandola" in Europe), octave mandolin ("octave mandola" in Europe), and mandocello. But for others this family of instruments, modeled on and tuned like the violin, viola, tenor violin and violoncello, is really part of another tradition from which the Greek bouzouki, and its progeny the Irish bouzouki, are separate. At any rate, since the genesis of the Irish bouzouki in the late 1960s, many luthiers have incorporated aspects of mandolin construction, particularly when building archtop Irish bouzoukis, so for most it is moot point.

The octave mandolin is usually regarded as having a shorter scale length than the Irish bouzouki, in the vicinity of 20 to 23 inches (50 and 58.4cm), whilst the scale length of the Irish bouzouki most often ranges from 23 to 25 inches (58.4 and 63.5cm), although some instruments have scales as long as 26 or even 27 inches (66 to 68.7cm). These longer-scaled instruments are generally acknowledged to possess greater volume, sustain, and tonal richness but some players find the stretches involved in fingering too difficult and so prefer the shorter scales.

The name "cittern" is sometimes applied to a similar instrument of five courses (ten strings), typically having a scale length between 20 and 22 inches (500mm and 550mm), but they are often called "10 string bouzoukis", particularly when having a longer scale length. The fifth course is usually either a lowest bass course tuned to C2 or D2 on an instrument with a long scale, or a highest treble course tuned to G4 or A4 on a shorter one.

However, for some builders and players, the terms "bouzouki", "cittern", and "octave mandolin" are synonymous. Others, such as Stefan Sobell, who originated the "cittern" term for his instruments derived from crossing an archtop Martin guitar with a Portuguese guitarra, apply the name of "cittern" to all shorter scaled instruments, irrespective of whether these have four or five courses, and the name of "bouzouki" to all longer scaled instruments.

In recent years the Irish bouzouki has been found in the hands of many musicians not affiliated with Irish traditional music. Bluegrass and Roots musician Tim O'Brien has become well known for his use of the instrument in his uniquely American music, and others include Steve Earle and Patty Larkin. Roots musician [http://chipperthompson.com Chipper Thompson] uses the bouzouki in several tunings including "Open G" (G2D3G3D4) for bottleneck slide. His recording [http://janissarystomp.com"The Janissary Stomp"] with Celtic musician Roger Landes explores the possibilities for Irish bouzoukis in duet.

ee also

*Bouzouki

External links

* [http://andyirvine.com Andy Irvine]
* [http://rogerlandes.com Roger Landes] major exponent of the Irish bouzouki in the US.
* [http://zoukfest.com ZoukFest] international gathering devoted to the Irish bouzouki.
* [http://chipperthompson.com Chipper Thompson] , Roots musician.
* [http://janissarystomp.com Janissary Stomp] , ground-breaking duo bouzouki recording by Roger Landes & Chipper Thompson.
* [http://www.littlebluemen.com/beth.asp Beth Patterson] , a world-renowned Irish and Celtic musician
* [http://www.furnacemountain.com/aboutus.htm Morgan Morrison] of Furnace Mountain in Berryville, VA

Further reading

* cite book
title = The Irish Bouzouki
first = Niall
last = O'Callanain
location = United States
publisher = Mel Bay Publications
year = 1997
id = ISBN 0-7866-1595-8 — An instructional guide
* cite book
title = The Irish Bouzouki Chord Bible: GDAD Irish Tuning 2,447 Chords
first = Tobe A.
last = Richards
location = United Kingdom
publisher = Cabot Books
year = 2005
id = ISBN 10 0-9553944-0-6 — A comprehensive chord dictionary.
* cite book
title = The Irish Bouzouki Chord Bible: GDAE "Mandolin" Tuning 1,728 Chords
first = Tobe A.
last = Richards
location = United Kingdom
publisher = Cabot Books
year = 2007
id = ISBN 978-1-906207-02-1 — A comprehensive chord dictionary.
* cite book
title = Learn to Play the Irish Bouzouki (DVD)
first = Zan
last = McLeod
year = 2001
location = United States
publisher = Music Sales Limited
id = ASIN: B00024ONEI — A DVD instructional guide
* cite book
title = Chords for Mandolin, Irish Banjo, Bouzouki
first = John
last = Loesberg
publisher = Random House
location = Rep. of Ireland
year = 1989
id = ISBN 0-946005-47-8 — A chord book featuring 20 pages of popular chords.
* cite book
title = ZoukFest Instructional DVDs Vols. 1 & 2 (DVD)
first = Roger Landes, Chris Smith, Chipper Thompson, Stanley Greenthal, Gari Hegedus, Joseph Sobol
year = 2001
location = United States
publisher = ZoukFest World Music Camp
id = http://www.zoukfest.com/store/ — A DVD instructional guide in two volumes with short sections by 6 master players, each on a separate topic.

References