Cheating (law)

Criminal law
Part of the common law series
Element (criminal law)
Actus reus · Mens rea Causation · Concurrence
Scope of criminal liability
Complicity · Corporate · Vicarious
Inchoate offenses
Attempt · Conspiracy · Solicitation
Offence against the person
Assault · Battery False imprisonment · Kidnapping Mayhem · Sexual assault Homicide crimes Murder · Felony murder Manslaughter Negligent homicide Vehicular homicide
Crimes against property
Arson · Blackmail · Burglary Embezzlement · Extortion False pretenses · Larceny Possessing stolen property Robbery · Theft
Crimes against justice
Compounding · Misprision Obstruction · Perjury Malfeasance in office Perverting the course of justice
Defenses to liability
Defense of self Defence of property Consent · Diminished responsibility Duress · Entrapment Ignorantia juris non excusat Infancy · Insanity Intoxication defense Justification · Mistake (of law) Necessity · Loss of Control (Provocation)
Other common law areas
Contracts · Evidence · Property Torts · Wills, trusts and estates
Portals
Criminal justice · Law
v · d · e

At law, cheating is a specific criminal offence relating to property.

Historically, to cheat was to commit a misdemeanour at common law. However, in most jurisdictions, the offence has now been codified into statute.^[1]

In most cases the codified statutory form of cheating and the original common law offence are very similar, however there can be differences. For example, under English law it was held in R. v. Sinclair [1968] 3 All 241 at 246 that "[t]o cheat and defraud is to act with deliberate dishonesty to the prejudice of another person's proprietary right." However at common law a great deal of authority suggested that there had to be contrivance, such that the public were likely to be deceived and that "common prudence and caution are not sufficient security against a person being defrauded thereby".^[2]

Examples of cheating upheld by the courts have included fraudulently pretending to have power to discharge a soldier,^[3] using false weights or measures,^[4] and playing with false dice.^[5]

Definition

In relation to the common law offence, no judicial definition of the offence was ever laid down, but the description of the offence set down in Stephen's Criminal Digest^[6] is regarded as fairly comprehensive, and is cited as an authoritative definition by Stroud's Judicial Dictionary.

“

Every one commits the misdemeanour called cheating who fraudulently obtains the property of another by any deceitful practice not amounting to felony, which practice is of such a nature that it directly affects, or may directly affect, the public at large. But it is not cheating, within the meaning of this article, to deceive any person in any contract or private dealing by lies, unaccompanied by such practices as aforesaid.

”

Other statutory uses

A number of jurisdictions also have statutory offences relating to cheating in gambling. See for example section 42(3) of the Gambling Act 2005.

England and Wales

The common law offence of cheating was abolished, except as regards offences relating to the public revenue, by section 32(1)(a) of the Theft Act 1968.

Cheating the public revenue

William Harkins said that "all frauds affecting the Crown and public at large are indictable as cheats at common law."^[7] This passage was cited in R v Mulligan [1990] Crim LR 427.

The following cases are also relevant:

• R v Hudson [1956] 2 QB 252, [1956] 2 WLR 914, [1956] 1 All ER 814, 40 Cr App R 55, [1956] Crim LR 814
• R v Mavji [1987] 2 All ER 758, 84 Cr App R 34, [1987] Crim LR 39, CA
• R v Redford, 89 Cr App R 1, [1989] Crim LR 152, CA
• R v Hunt [1994] Crim LR 747, CA

Sentence

See R v Regan, 11 Cr App R (S) 15, CA

Cheating at play

This offence was formerly created by section 17 of the Gaming Act 1845.

Going equipped for cheat

Before 15 January 2007, in section 25 of the Theft Act 1968, the word "cheat" meant an offence under section 15 of that Act.^[8] The said section 15 created the offence of obtaining property by deception.

References and notes

1. ^ In Florida cheating remains a criminal offence by virtue of Fla. Stat. § 775.01 which provides that English common law crimes are crimes in Florida, but a specific statutory penalty for cheating is supplied by Fla. Stat. § 817.29
2. ^ Halsbury's Laws of England, 2nd ed., Vol IX, para 944 citing various older common law cases
3. ^ R. v. Serlested (1627) Lat 202
4. ^ R. v. Closs (1857) Dears & B 460
5. ^ R. v. Maddocke (1619) 2 Roll Rep 107
6. ^ Stephen's Criminal Digest, 9th Ed., 362
7. ^ William Hawkins. Treatise of Pleas of the Crown. Eighth Edition. Page 1322
8. ^ The Theft Act 1968, section 25(5)