WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease in Adults and Adolescents

WHO Disease Staging System for HIV Infection and Disease in Adults and Adolescents was first produced in 1990 by the World Health Organization

cite journal
author=WHO | title=Interim proposal for a WHO Staging System for HIV infection and Disease. | journal=Wkly Epidemiol Rec. | year=1990 | pages=221-224 | volume=65 | issue=29 | pmid=11809639 | url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/wer/WHO_WER_1990/WER1990_65_221-228%20(N°29).pdf

] and updated in September 2005. It is an approach for use in resource limited settings and is widely used in Africa and Asia and has been a useful research tool in studies of progression to symptomatic HIV disease.

cite journal
author=Morgan D, Mahe C, Mayanja B, Whitworth JA. | title=Progression to symptomatic disease in people infected with HIV-1 in rural Uganda: prospective cohort study | journal=BMJ | year=2002 | pages=193-196 | volume=324 | issue=7331 | pmid=11809639

]

Following infection with HIV, the rate of clinical disease progression varies enormously between individuals. Many factors such as host susceptibility and immune function,

cite journal
author=Clerici M, Balotta C, Meroni L, Ferrario E, Riva C, Trabattoni D, Ridolfo A, Villa M, Shearer GM, Moroni M, Galli M. | title=Type 1 cytokine production and low prevalence of viral isolation correlate with long-term nonprogression in HIV infection | journal=AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. | year=1996 | pages=1053-1061 | volume=12 | issue=11 | pmid=8827221

]

cite journal
author=Morgan D, Mahe C, Mayanja B, Whitworth JA. | title=Progression to symptomatic disease in people infected with HIV-1 in rural Uganda: prospective cohort study | journal=BMJ | year=2002 | pages=193-196 | volume=324 | issue=7331 | pmid=11809639

]

cite journal
author=Tang J, Kaslow RA. | title=The impact of host genetics on HIV infection and disease progression in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy | journal=AIDS | year=2003 | pages=S51-S60 | volume=17 | issue=Suppl 4 | pmid=15080180

] health care and co-infections,

cite journal
author=Gendelman HE, Phelps W, Feigenbaum L, Ostrove JM, Adachi A, Howley PM, Khoury G, Ginsberg HS, Martin MA. | title=Trans-activation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat sequence by DNA viruses | journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. | year=1986 | pages=9759-9763 | volume=83 | issue=24 | pmid=2432602

]

cite journal
author=Bentwich Z, Kalinkovich A, Weisman Z. | title=Immune activation is a dominant factor in the pathogenesis of African AIDS | journal=Immunol Today. | year=1995 | pages=187-191 | volume=16 | issue=4 | pmid=7734046

]

cite journal
author=Morgan D, Mahe C, Mayanja B, Okongo JM, Lubega R, Whitworth JA. | title=HIV-1 infection in rural Africa: is there a difference in median time to AIDS and survival compared with that in industrialized countries? | journal=AIDS | year=2002 | pages=597-603 | volume=16 | issue=4 | pmid=11873003

] as well as factors relating to the viral strain

cite journal
author=Quinones-Mateu ME, Mas A, Lain de Lera T, Soriano V, Alcami J, Lederman MM, Domingo E. | title=LTR and tat variability of HIV-1 isolates from patients with divergent rates of disease progression | journal=Virus Res. | year=1998 | pages=11-20 | volume=57 | issue=1 | pmid=9833881

]

cite journal
author=Campbell GR, Pasquier E, Watkins J, Bourgarel-Rey V, Peyrot V, Esquieu D, Barbier P, de Mareuil J, Braguer D, Kaleebu P, Yirrell DL, Loret EP. | title=The glutamine-rich region of the HIV-1 Tat protein is involved in T-cell apoptosis. | journal=J Biol Chem. | year=2004 | pages=48197-48204 | volume=279 | issue=46 | pmid=15331610

] may affect the rate of clinical disease progression.

Revised World Health Organization (WHO) Clinical Staging of HIV/AIDS For Adults and Adolescents (2005)

(This is the interim African Region version for persons aged 15 years or more who have had a positive HIV antibody test or other laboratory evidence of HIV infection)(It must be noted that the UN defines adolescents as persons aged 10−19 years but for surveillance purposes, the category of adults and adolescents comprises people aged 15 years and over)

Primary HIV infection

*Asymptomatic
*Acute retroviral syndrome

Clinical stage 1

*Asymptomatic
*Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy

Clinical stage 2

*Moderate and unexplained weight loss (<10% of presumed or measured body weight)
*Recurrent respiratory tract infections (such as sinusitis, bronchitis, otitis media, pharyngitis)
*Herpes zoster
*Recurrent oral ulcerations
*Papular pruritic eruptions
*Angular cheilitis
*Seborrhoeic dermatitis
*Fungal finger nail infections

Clinical stage 3

"Conditions where a presumptive diagnosis can be made on the basis of clinical signs or simple investigations"

*Unexplained chronic diarrhoea for longer than one month
*Unexplained persistent fever (intermittent or constant for longer than one month)
*Severe weight loss (>10% of presumed or measured body weight)
*Oral candidiasis
*Oral hairy leukoplakia
*Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) diagnosed in last two years
*Severe presumed bacterial infections (e.g. pneumonia, empyema, meningitis, bacteraemia, pyomyositis, bone or joint infection)
*Acute necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis, gingivitis or periodontitis

"Conditions where confirmatory diagnostic testing is necessary"
*Unexplained anaemia (< 80 g/l), and or neutropenia (<500/µl) and or thrombocytopenia (<50 000/ µl) for more than one month

Clinical stage 4

"Conditions where a presumptive diagnosis can be made on the basis of clinical signs or simple investigations"
*HIV wasting syndrome
*Pneumocystis pneumonia
*Recurrent severe or radiological bacterial pneumonia
*Chronic herpes simplex infection (orolabial, genital or anorectal of more than one month’s duration)
*Oesophageal candidiasis
*Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
*Kaposi’s sarcoma
*Central nervous system toxoplasmosis
*HIV encephalopathy

"Conditions where confirmatory diagnostic testing is necessary"
*Extrapulmonary cryptococcosis including meningitis
*Disseminated non-tuberculous mycobacteria infection
*Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
*Candida of trachea, bronchi or lungs
*Cryptosporidiosis
*Isosporiasis
*Visceral herpes simplex infection
*Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (retinitis or of an organ other than liver, spleen or lymph nodes)
*Any disseminated mycosis (e.g. histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, penicilliosis)
*Recurrent non-typhoidal salmonella septicaemia
*Lymphoma (cerebral or B cell non-Hodgkin)
*Invasive cervical carcinoma
*Visceral leishmaniasis

Original proposal in 1990

Clinical Stage I

* Asymptomatic
* Generalised lymphadenopathy

Performance scale: 1: asymptomatic, normal activity.

Clinical Stage II

* Weight loss, < 10% of body weight
* Minor mucocutaneous manifestations (seborrheic dermatitis, prurigo, fungal nail infections, recurrent oral ulcerations, angular cheilitis)
* Herpes zoster within the last five years
* Recurrent upper respiratory tract infections (i.e. bacterial sinusitis)

And/or performance scale 2: symptomatic, normal activity.

Clinical Stage III

* Weight loss, > 10% of body weight
* Unexplained chronic diarrhoea > 1 month
* Unexplained prolonged fever (intermittent or constant), > 1 month
* Oral [candidiasis] ( [thrush] )
* Oral hairy leucoplakia
* Pulmonary tuberculosis
* Severe bacterial infections (i.e. pneumonia, pyomyositis)

And/or performance scale 3: bedridden < 50% of the day during last month.

Clinical Stage IV

"The declaration of AIDS"
* HIV wasting syndrome *
* Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
* Toxoplasmosis of the brain
* Cryptosporidiosis with diarrhoea > 1 month
* Cryptococcosis, extrapulmonary
* Cytomegalovirus disease of an organ other than liver, spleen or lymph node (ex: retinitis)
* Herpes simplex virus infection, mucocutaneous (>1 month) or visceral
* Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy
* Any disseminated endemic mycosis
* Candidiasis of esophagus, trachea, bronchi
* Atypical mycobacteriosis, disseminated or lungs
* Non-typhoid Salmonella septicemia
* Extrapulmonary tuberculosis
* Lymphoma
* Kaposi's sarcoma
* HIV encephalopathy **

And/or performance scale 4: bedridden > 50% of the day during last month.

(*) HIV wasting syndrome: weight loss of > 10% of body weight, plus either unexplained chronic diarrhoea (> 1 month) or chronic weakness and unexplained prolonged fever (> 1 month).

(**) HIV encephalopathy: clinical findings of disabling cognitive and/or motor dysfunction interfering with activities of daily living, progressing over weeks to months, in the absence of a concurrent illness or condition other than HIV infection which could explain the findings.

References