- Climate categories in viticulture
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The climate characteristics of a wine region will have significant influence on the viticulture in the area.
In viticulture, the climates of wine regions are categorized based on the overall characteristics of the area's climate during the growing season. While variations in macroclimate are acknowledged, the climates of most wine regions are categorized (somewhat loosely based on the Köppen climate classification) as being part of a Mediterranean (for example Tuscany[1]), maritime (ex: Bordeaux[2]) or continental climate (ex: Columbia Valley[3]). The majority of the world's premium wine production takes place in one of these three climate categories in locations between the 30th parallel and 50th parallel in both the northern and southern hemisphere.[4] While viticulture does exist in some tropical climates, most notably Brazil, the amount of quality wine production in those areas is so small that the climate effect has not been as extensively studied as other categories.[5]
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Influence of climate on viticulture
Large bodies of water, such as Lake Geneva in Switzerland, can have a moderating effect on the climate of a region.Beyond establishing whether or not viticulture can even be sustained in an area, the climatic influences of a particular area goes a long way in influencing the type of grape varieties grown in a region and the type of viticultural practices that will be used. The presence of adequate sun, heat and water are all vital to the healthy growth and development of grapevines during the growing season. Additionally, continuing research has shed more light on the influence of dormancy that occurs after harvest when the grapevine essentially shuts down and reserves its energy for the beginning of the next year's growing cycle.
In general, grapevines thrive in temperate climates which grant the vines long, warm periods during the crucial flowering, fruit set and ripening periods.[6] The physiological processes of a lot of grapevines begin when temperatures reach around 50 °F (10 °C). Below this temperature, the vines are usually in a period of dormancy. Drastically below this temperature, such as the freezing point of 32 °F (0 °F) the vines can be damaged by frost. When the average daily temperature is between 63 and 68 °F (17 and 20 °C) the vine will begin flowering. When temperatures move into the 80s Fahrenheit (27+ °C) many of the vine's physiological processes are in full stride as grape clusters begin to ripen on the vine. One of the characteristics that differentiates the various climate categories from one another is the occurrence and length of time that these optimal temperatures appear during the growing season.[7]
In addition to temperature, the amount of rainfall (and the need for supplemental irrigation) is another defining characteristics. On average, a grapevine needs around 28 inches (700 mm) of water for sustenance during the growing season, not all of which may be provided by natural rain fall. In Mediterranean and many continental climates, the climate during the growing season may be quite dry and require additional irrigation. In contrast, maritime climates often suffer the opposite extreme of having too much rainfall during the growing season which poses its own viticultural hazards.[7]
Other climate factors such as wind, humidity, atmospheric pressure, sunlight as well as diurnal temperature variations which can define different climate categories, can also have pronounced influences on the viticulture of an area.[7][6]
Mediterranean climates
Wine regions with Mediterranean climates.Wine regions with Mediterranean climates are characterized by their long growing seasons of moderate to warm temperatures. Throughout the year there is little seasonal change with temperatures in the winter generally warmer than those of maritime and continental climates. During the grapevine growing season, there is very little rain fall (with most precipitation occurring in the winter months) which increases the risk of the viticultural hazard of drought and may present the need for supplemental irrigation.[5]
The Mediterranean climate is most readily associated with the areas around the Mediterranean basin, where viticulture and winemaking first flourished on a large scale due to the influence of the Phoenicians, Greeks and Romans of the ancient world.[5]
Wine regions with Mediterranean climates
- Tuscany and most other Italian wine regions
- Most Greek wine regions
- Most Israeli wine regions
- Most Lebanese wine regions
- Southern Rhone Valley
- Catalonia
- Languedoc
- Provence
- Coastal Portuguese wine region
- Primorska Slovenian wine region
- Napa Valley and other coastal California wine regions
- Western Australia and South Australia wine regions
- Chilean Central Valley
- Coastal South African wine regions
- Western coastal Turkish wine regions
Continental climates
The Columbia Valley in Washington State has a continental climate characterized by very hot summers and very cold winters.Wine regions with continental climates are characterized by the very marked seasonal changes that occur throughout the growing season, with very hot temperatures during the summer season and very cold winters. This is generally described as having a high degree of continentality. Regions with this type of climate are often found inland on continents without a significant body of water, such as an inland sea, that can moderate their temperatures. Often during the growing season, continental climates will have wide diurnal temperature variations with very warm temperatures during the day that drop drastically at night. During the winter and early spring months, frost and hail can be viticultural hazards. Depending on the particular macroclimate of the region, irrigation may be needed to supplement seasonal rainfall. These many climatic influences contribute to the wide vintage variation that is often typical of continental climates such as Burgundy.[5]
There are more wine regions with continental climates in the northern hemisphere than there are in the southern hemisphere. This is due, in part, to small land mass size of southern hemisphere continents relative to the large oceans nearby. This difference means that the oceans exert a more direct influence on the climate of the southern hemisphere wine regions (making them maritime or possibly Mediterranean) than they would on the larger northern hemisphere continents. There are also several wine regions (such as Spain) that have areas that exhibit a continental Mediterranean climate due to their altitude or distance from the sea. These regions will have more distinct seasonal change than Mediterranean climates, but still retain some characteristics like a long growing season that is very dry during the summer.[5]
Wine regions with continental climates
- Burgundy
- Rioja
- Piedmont
- Cote-Rotie and other Northern Rhone wine regions
- Douro
- Most of the Loire Valley
- Most Austrian wine regions
- Most Czech wine regions
- Most Hungarian wine regions
- Most Romanian wine regions
- Most Russian wine regions
- Most Turkish wine regions
- Columbia Valley
- Most Canadian wine regions
- Mendoza
Maritime climates
The large Gironde estuary that feeds into the Atlantic Oceans promotes a maritime climate in Bordeaux.Wine regions with maritime climates are characterized by their close proximity to large bodies of water (such as oceans, estuaries and inland seas) that moderate their temperatures. Maritime climates share many characteristics with both Mediterranean and continental climates and are often described as a "middle ground" between the two extremes.[8] Like Mediterranean climates, maritime climates have a long growing season, with water currents moderating the region's temperatures. However, while Mediterranean climates are usually very dry during the growing season, maritime climates are often subject to the viticultural hazards of excessive rain and humidity which may promote various grape diseases, such as mold and mildew. Like continental climates, maritime climates will have distinct seasonal changes, but they are usually not as drastic, with warm, rather than hot, summers and cool, rather than cold, winters.[5]
Wine regions with maritime climates
- Bordeaux
- Muscadet
- Rias Baixes
- Willamette Valley
- Long Island
- Most New Zealand wine regions
- Southern Chile
See also
References
- ^ S. Siddons "How the Tuscany Wine Region Works" TLC Cooking, Accessed: Jan 18th, 2010
- ^ M. Ewing-Mulligan "France's Bordeaux Wine Region" Dummies.com Reference page. Accessed: Jan 18th, 2010
- ^ A. Mumma "The Washington wine difference: it's in the vineyard" Wines & Vines, November 2005
- ^ T. Stevenson "The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia" pg 14-15 Dorling Kindersley 2005 ISBN 0756613248
- ^ a b c d e f J. Robinson (ed) "The Oxford Companion to Wine" Third Edition pg 179-195, 388, 428-434, 716-714 Oxford University Press 2006 ISBN 0198609906
- ^ a b H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 20-21 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 ISBN 1840003324
- ^ a b c K. MacNeil The Wine Bible pg 12-21 Workman Publishing 2001 ISBN 1563054345
- ^ C. Fallis, editor The Encyclopedic Atlas of Wine pg 20-21 Global Book Publishing 2006 ISBN 1740480503
Categories:- Climate
- Viticulture
- Wine terms
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