List of Americans in the Venona papers

Originally declassified by Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Chairman of the bipartisan Commission on Government Secrecy, the Venona project and its associated documentation, contains codenames of several hundred individuals mentioned in decrypted Soviet intelligence transmissions. ["Secrecy : The American Experience". Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Yale University Press; December 1, 1999. ISBN 0-300-080794] "Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America, Appendix A". John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-300-08462-5] Most of the codenames have been identified by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Central Intelligence Agency, the National Security Agency and other academics and historians by using a combination of circumstantial evidence, corroborating testimony from Eastern Bloc defectors, direct surveillance, informants and a number of other means. ["The Venona story", Robert L. Benson, National Security Agency Center for Cryptologic History; January 1, 2001.] A number of academics and historians believe that most of the following individuals were either clandestine assets and/or contacts of Soviet Intelligence. ["How VENONA was Declassified", Robert L. Benson, Symposium of Cryptologic History; October 27, 2005.] ["Tangled Treason", Sam Tanenhaus, "The New Republic", 1999.] .

To what extent any given individual named in the Venona papers was actually involved with Soviet intelligence is a topic of dispute. While a number of academics and historians assert that most of the individuals mentioned in the Venona papers were likely either clandestine assets and/or contacts of Soviet intelligence ["How VENONA was Declassified", Robert L. Benson, Symposium of Cryptologic History; October 27, 2005.] ["Tangled Treason", Sam Tanenhaus, "The New Republic", 1999.] others argue that many of them probably had no ill intent and committed no crimes. [cite web|url = http://www.thenation.com/doc/20010716/navasky|title=Cold War Ghosts] [Tales from decrypts. The Nation, 28 October 1996, pp. 5-6.] [cite web|url = http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/comment15.htm|title = Comments on John Earl Haynes', "The Cold War Debate Continues: A Traditionalist View of Historical Writing on Domestic Communism and Anti-Communism"|accessdate = 2006-06-27|last = Schrecker|first = Ellen]

Notes on the list

The following list of individuals is extracted in part from the work of John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr; as well as others listed in the references below.

Twenty-four persons targeted for recruitment remain uncorroborated as to it being accomplished. These individuals are marked with an asterisk (*).

Names marked with a double asterisk (**) do not appear in the Venona documents. They have been inferred, by various researchers, to correlate with codenames or similarly spelled names found in the documents.

Similarly, identities that have been inferred by researchers (i.e., the name appears in the Venona documents, but positive identification of the individual bearing that name does not), are also marked with a double asterisk (**).

----

* John Abt**

Citation
last =Haynes
first =John Earl
author-link =John Earl Haynes
title =Cover Name, Cryptonym, CPUSA Party Name, Pseudonym, and Real Name Index: A Research Historian's Working Reference
date= February
year = 2007
url =http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page66.html#_ftn3
accessdate =2007-04-29 ]
* Solomon Adler**
* Rudy Baker** [Haynes notes on the appearance of codename Son/Syn in the Verona documents, "unidentified in NSA/FBI notes but clearly Rudy Baker in SECRET WORLD"]
* Joel Barr
* Alice Barrows, U.S. government employee 1920-42, Abraham Lincoln School in Chicago 1944
* Theodore Bayer, President, "Russky Golos" Publishing
* Cedric Belfrage
* Elizabeth Bentley
* Joseph Milton Bernstein
* Earl Browder
* Paul Burns** [Haynes' notes state: "Burns, Paul, NSA/FBI shows as Berne and Bernay, but clearly is ti [sic] Burns."]
* Sylvia Callen**
* Virginius Frank Coe
* Lona Cohen**, sentenced to 20 years; subject of Hugh Whitemore's drama for stage and TV "Pack of Lies"
* Morris Cohen**, sentenced to 25 years; subject of Hugh Whitemore's drama for stage and TV "Pack of Lies"
* Judith Coplon
* Lauchlin Currie
* Byron T. Darling**
* Eugene Dennis
* Samuel Dickstein**
* Martha Dodd**
* William E. Dodd Jr.
* Laurence Duggan
* Eufrosina Dvoichenko-Markov
* Nathan Einhorn
* Jack Bradley Fahy, United States Department of the Interior
* Linn Markley Farish, senior liaison officer with Tito's Yugoslav Partisan forces
* Edward J. Fitzgerald
* Charles Flato
* Isaac Folkoff
* Jane Foster, Board of Economic Warfare; Office of Strategic Services; Netherlands Study Unit
* Salmond David Franklin
* Isabel Gallardo [Haynes notes: "a Chilean, married to American Lorren Hay, a captain in Marines"]
* Boleslaw K. Gerbert [Polish citizen, U.S. resident 1912-47 (Haynes, 2007)]
* Rebecca Getzoff
* Harold Glasser
* Bela Gold
* Harry Gold, sentenced to 30 years for his role in the Rosenbergs ring
* Sonia Steinman Gold
* Jacob Golos, "main pillar" of NKVD spy network, particularly the Sound/Myrna group, he died in the arms of Elizabeth Bentley
* George Gorchoff
* Gerald Graze**, ["Graze, Gerald = Arena. one single reference to Graze as Arena in corrected proof but removed in final: and reference to Graze as Dan in uncorrected proof but removed in the corrected. [source Weinstein Vassiliev Haunted Wood] " (Haynes, 2007)]
* David Greenglass, machinist at Los Alamos sentenced to 15 years for his role in Rosenberg ring; he was the brother of executed Ethel Rosenberg
* Ruth Greenglass
* Theodore Alvin Hall
* Maurice Halperin
* Kitty Harris, globe-trotting companion of communist party boss Earl Browder
* Clarence Hiskey**,
* Alger Hiss, Director of the Office of Special Political Affairs United States Department of State
* Donald Hiss**
* Harry Hopkins
* Louis Horwitz
* Bella Joseph**
* Emma Harriet Joseph
* Gertrude Kahn
* Joseph Katz
* Helen Grace Scott Keenan
* Mary Jane Keeney
* Philip Keeney
* Alexander Koral**
* Helen Koral
* Samuel Krafsur
* Charles Kramer
* Christina Krotkova, typist and translator to Kravchenko, 1945
* Sergej Nikolaevich Kurnakov
* Stephen Laird
* Oscar Lange
* Richard Lauterbach, employee at "Time" magazine
* Duncan C. Lee
* Michael S. Leshing
* Helen Lowry
* William Mackey
* Harry Samuel Magdoff [Haynes notes: "source in Perlo group, identified as having cover name Tan in uncorrected proof, but Tan's identify redacted in final, but Magdoff still identified as a source: source Weinstein Haunted Wood)"]
* William Malisoff, owner and manager of United Laboratories
* Hede Massing**
* Robert Owen Menaker
* Floyd Cleveland Miller
* James Walter Miller
* Robert Miller**
* Robert G. Minor
* Leonard Emil Mins
* Nichola Napoli, president of Artkino, distributor of Russian films
* Franz Neumann**
* Eugénie Olkhine [Haynes notes: "redacted in 239 1945" (Haynes, 2007)]
* Frank Oppenheimer**
* Julius Robert Oppenheimer
* Nicholas V. Orloff
* Edna Margaret Patterson
* William Perl
* Victor Perlo
* Aleksandr N. Petroff, Curtiss-Wright Aircraft
* Vladimir Aleksandrovich Posner, United States War Department
* Lee Pressman
* Mary Wolfe Price
* Bernard Redmont**
* Peter Rhodes
* Stephan Sandi Rich
* Kenneth Richardson, World Wide Electronics
* Samuel Jacob Rodman, United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
* Allan Rosenberg
* Julius Rosenberg, United States Army Signal Corps Laboratories, executed for role in Rosenberg ring
* Ethel Rosenberg, executed for role in Rosenberg ring based on testimony of her brother, David Greenglass
* Amadeo Sabatini
* Alfred Epaminodas Sarant
* Marian Miloslavovich Schultz
* Milton Schwartz
* John Scott
* Ricardo Setaro [Haynes, 2007, notes that the positive identification of Setaro with codenames "Zhan" and "Gonets" was redacted in the Venona documents]
* Charles Bradford Sheppard, Hazeltine Electronics
* Abraham George Silverman
* Nathan Gregory Silvermaster
* Helen Silvermaster
* Morton Sobell [Haynes notes: "Sobell, Morton = Rele = Relay = Sebr = Serb but identification unclear ??"]
* Jack Soble
* Robert Soble
* Johannes Steele
* Isidor Feinstein Stone
* Augustina Stridsberg
* Anna Louise Strong
* Helen Tenney**
* Mikhail Tkach, editor of the "Ukrainian Daily News"
* William Ludwig Ullmann
* Irving Charles Velson
* Margietta Voge
* William Weisband**
* Donald Wheeler
* Maria Wicher
* Harry Dexter White
* Ruth Beverly Wilson
* Ignacy Witczak** [Haynes notes: "Witczak, Ignacy = V (in Los Angeles, Witczak was [sic] false papers taken from real Witczak a Polish Jew migrant to Canada who died in Spain. [source Stephenson Intrepid's Last] "]
* Ilya Elliott Wolston
* Flora Don Wovschin
* Jones Orin York
* Daniel Abraham Zaret, Spanish War veteran
* Mark Zborovski

References

* National Security Agency, Venona Archives, [http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps33230/www.nsa.gov/docs/venona/monographs/monograph-1.html "Introductory History of VENONA and Guide to the Translations"] by Robert L. Benson, 1995.

Footnotes

ee also

*Venona project

External links

* [http://www.nsa.gov/venona/venon00017.cfm National Security Agency Archives] Cryptographic Museum, Custodian of Documents for the Army Signals Intelligence Agency
* [https://www.cia.gov/csi/books/venona/part2.htm Selected Venona Messages]
* [http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/venona.htm "Venona" FBI FOIA Files]
* [http://cryptome.org/fbi-nsa.htm FBI Memo "Explanation and History of Venona Project Informantion"] (1 February 1956)
* [http://www.mi5.gov.uk/output/Page242.html MI5 Releases to the National Archives]
* [http://www.utoronto.ca/ceres/serap/ Stalin-Era Research and Archives Project]
* [http://www.iisg.nl/~abb/abb_b12.html Russian State Archive] (RGASPI)
* John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr, "Venona; Decoding Soviet Espionage in America", Yale University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-300-08462-5. Despite the title, this is less about Venona itself than about Communist Party USA espionage and support of espionage. It is based on research in the CPUSA archives made available to the authors in Moscow. See [http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=0300061838 Yale University Press Web site information on the book] .
* John Earl Haynes, [http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page66.html "Cover Name, Cryptonym, CPUSA Party Name, Pseudonym, and Real Name Index. A Research Historian's Working Reference"] (revised February 2007), on the author's web site.