CryoSat-2

CryoSat-2
CryoSat-2
A group of people looking at a gold spacecraft on a stand in the middle of a room
CryoSat-2 undergoing testing in Germany
Operator ESA
Major contractors EADS Astrium
ISC Kosmotras (LSP)
Mission type Environmental
Launch date 8 April 2010
13:57:04 UTC[1]
Carrier rocket Dnepr-1
Launch site Baikonur Site 109/95
Mission duration 3 years
Homepage ESA - CryoSat
Mass 750 kilograms (1,700 lb)
Orbital elements
Regime Low Earth
Inclination 92.0°[2]
Apoapsis 732 kilometres (455 mi)[2]
Periapsis 720 kilometres (450 mi)[2]
Orbital period 99.2 minutes[2]

CryoSat-2 is a European Space Agency environmental research satellite which was launched in April 2010. It provides scientists with data about the polar ice caps and tracks changes in the thickness of the ice with a resolution of about 1⁄2 inches (1.3 cm). This information is useful for monitoring climate change.[1] Cryosat 2 was built as a replacement for CryoSat-1, whose Rokot carrier rocket was unable to achieve orbit. ESA built a replacement, with software upgrades and greater battery capacity, which carries an interferometric radar range-finder with twin antennas which measures the height difference between floating ice and open water. CryoSat-2 is operated as part of the CryoSat programme to study the Earth's polar ice caps, which is itself part of the Living Planet programme. The CryoSat-2 spacecraft was constructed by EADS Astrium, and was launched by ISC Kosmotras, using a Dnepr-1 carrier rocket, on 8 April 2010. On 22 October 2010, CryoSat-2 was declared operational following six months of on-orbit testing.

Contents

Background

See also: CryoSat-1
Satellite photograph of a large white ice cap in a dark blue ocean
Antarctica; CryoSat-2 is designed to study Earth's polar ice caps

The initial proposal for the CryoSat programme was submitted as part of a call for proposals in July 1998 for Earth Explorer missions as part of the European Space Agency's Living Planet programme.[3][4] It was selected for further studies in 1999, and following completion of a feasibility study the mission was authorised. The construction phase began in 2001, and in 2002 EADS Astrium was awarded a contract to build the spacecraft. A contract was also signed with Eurockot, to conduct the launch of the satellite using a Rokot/Briz-KM carrier rocket.[3]

Construction of the original spacecraft was completed in August 2004. Following testing the spacecraft was shipped to the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in August 2005, and arrived on 1 September.[5] The launch occurred from Site 133/3 on 8 October, however due to a missing command in the rocket's flight control system, the second stage engine did not shut down at the end of its planned burn, and instead the stage burned to depletion.[6] This prevented the second stage and Briz-KM from separating, and as a result the rocket failed to achieve orbit. The spacecraft was lost when it reentered over the Arctic Ocean, North of Greenland.[7][8]

Due to the importance of the CryoSat mission for understanding global warming and reductions in polar ice caps, a replacement satellite was proposed.[9][10] The development of CryoSat-2 was authorised in February 2006, less than five months after the failure.[11]

Development

Following the announcement that CryoSat-2 would be built, experiments were conducted in Antarctica, as part of the CryoVEx programme,[12] to determine how snow could affect its readings, and to provide data for calibrating the satellite.[13] In January 2007 the European Space Agency issued a request for proposals for further calibration and validation experiments.[14] Further CryoVEx experiments were conducted on Svalbard in 2007,[15] followed by a final expedition to Greenland and the Devon Ice Cap in 2008.[16] Additional snow measurements were provided by the Arctic Arc Expedition, and the Alfred Wegner Institute's ASIRAS instrument, mounted aboard a Dornier Do 228 aircraft.[15]

Like its predecessor, CryoSat-2 was constructed by EADS Astrium, with its main instrument being built by Thales Alenia Space.[17] Construction and testing of the spacecraft's primary instrument was completed by February 2008, when it was shipped for integration with the rest of the spacecraft.[18] In August 2009, the spacecraft's ground infrastructure, which had been redesigned since the original mission, was declared ready for use.[19] Construction and testing of the spacecraft had been completed by mid-September.[20] The Project Manager for the CryoSat-2 mission was Richard Francis, who had been the Systems Manager on the original CryoSat mission.[21]

CryoSat-2 is an almost-identical copy of the original spacecraft,[22] however modifications were made including the addition of a backup radar altimeter.[20] In total, 85 improvements were made to the spacecraft when it was rebuilt.[12]

Final preparations

When it was approved in February 2006, the launch of CryoSat-2 was planned for March 2009.[11] It was originally planned that like its predecessor it would be launched by a Rokot,[23] however due to a lack of available launches a Dnepr-1 rocket was selected instead. ISC Kosmotras were contracted to perform the launch.[24] Due to delays to earlier missions and range availability problems, the launch was delayed until February 2010.[25]

The Dnepr rocket assigned to launch CryoSat-2 arrived at the Baikonur Cosmodrome by train on 29 December 2009.[26] On 12 January 2010, the first two stages of the rocket were loaded into the launch canister, and the canister was prepared for transportation to the launch site.[27] On 14 January, it was rolled out to Site 109/95, where it was installed into its silo. The next day saw the third stage transported to the silo, and installed atop the rocket.[28]

Following the completion of its construction, CryoSat-2 was placed into storage to await launch.[20] In January 2010, the spacecraft was removed from storage, and shipped to Baikonur for launch. It departed Munich Franz Josef Strauss Airport aboard an Antonov An-124 aircraft on 12 January,[29] and arrived at Baikonur the next day.[29][30] Following arrival at the launch site, final assembly and testing were conducted.[31]

During final testing, engineers detected that the spacecraft's X band (NATO H/I/J bands) communications antenna was not receiving the amount of power that it should. Thermal imaging showed that the waveguide was overheating, which suggested it was the cause of the problem. The waveguide could not normally be inspected or repaired without disassembly, however in order to avoid doing so, which would have delayed the launch, a local surgeon was brought in to inspect the component with an endoscope.[32] The surgeon, Tatiana Zykova,[33] discovered that two pieces of ferrite were lodged in the tube, and was able to remove one of them, whilst engineers were able to remove the other with a magnet.[32] It was determined that the ferrite had come from a coating on the antenna, which was intended to improve its performance. Some ferrite was removed from the base of the antenna in order to prevent any further debris falling into the waveguide.[32]

On 4 February, the CryoSat-2 spacecraft was fuelled for launch. Then on 10 February it was attached to the payload adaptor, and encapsulated in the payload fairing,[34] to form a unit known as the Space Head Module.[31] This was transported to the launch pad by means of a vehicle known as the crocodile, and installed atop the carrier rocket.[35] Rollout occurred on 15 February, and the next day the satellite was activated in order to test its systems following integration onto the rocket.[34]

Launch

A rocket climbing out of a hole in the ground through an orange cloud of dust and smoke, with a metal ring falling away from the bottom of the rocket
The launch of CryoSat-2 atop a Dnepr-1 rocket

When the spacecraft was installed atop the Dnepr, launch was scheduled to occur on 25 February, at 13:57 UTC.[36] Prior to this, a practice countdown was scheduled for 19 February.[35] Several hours before the practice was scheduled to begin ISC Kosmotras announced that the launch had been delayed, and as a result the practice did not take place.[34] The delay was caused by a concern that the second stage manoeuvring engines did not have a sufficient quantity of reserve fuel.[37]

Following the delay, the Space Head Module was removed from the rocket, and returned to its integration building on 22 February.[34] Whilst it was in the integration building, daily inspections were made to ensure that the spacecraft was still functioning normally. Once the fuel issue had been resolved, the launch was rescheduled for 8 April, and launch operations resumed.[38] On 1 April, the Space Head Module was returned to the silo, and reinstalled atop the Dnepr. Following integrated tests, the practice countdown was successfully conducted on 6 April.[39]

CryoSat-2 was launched at 13:57:04 UTC on 8 April 2010.[1] Following a successful launch,[40] CryoSat-2 separated from the upper stage of the Dnepr into a low Earth orbit. The first signals from the satellite were detected by a ground station at the Broglio Space Centre in Malindi, Kenya, seventeen minutes after launch.[41]

Mission

CryoSat-2's mission is to study the Earth's polar ice caps,[42] measuring, and looking for variation in, the thickness of the ice. Its mission is identical to that of the original CryoSat.[41]

The primary instruments aboard CryoSat-2 are SIRAL-2,[18] the SAR/Interferometric Radar Altimeters;[12] which uses radar to determine and monitor the spacecraft's altitude in order to measure the elevation of the ice. Unlike the original CryoSat, two SIRAL instruments are installed aboard CryoSat-2, with one serving as a backup in case the other fails.[20]

A second instrument, Doppler Orbit and Radio Positioning Integration by Satellite, or DORIS, is used to calculate precisely the spacecraft's orbit.[43] An array of retroreflectors are also carried aboard the spacecraft, and allow measurements to be made from the ground to verify the orbital data provided by DORIS.[43][44]

Following launch, CryoSat-2 was placed into a low Earth orbit with a perigee of 720 kilometres (450 mi), an apogee of 732 kilometres (455 mi), 92 degrees of inclination and an orbital period of 99.2 minutes.[2] It had a mass at launch of 750 kilograms (1,700 lb),[23] and is expected to operate for at least three years.[44]

Launch and Early Orbit Phase operations were completed in the morning of 11 April 2010, and SIRAL-2 was activated later the same day.[45] At 14:40 UTC, the spacecraft returned its first scientific data.[46] Initial data on ice thickness was presented by the mission's Lead Investigator, Duncan Wingham, at the 2010 Living Planet Symposium on 1 July.[47] Later the same month, data was made available to scientists for the first time.[48] The spacecraft underwent six months of on-orbit testing and commissioning, which concluded with a review on 22 October 2010 that found the spacecraft was operating as expected, and that it was ready to begin operations.[49]

See also

References

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