Myxarium nucleatum

Myxarium nucleatum
Myxarium nucleatum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Auriculariales
Family:	Hyaloriaceae
Genus:	Myxarium
Species:	M. nucleatum
Binomial name
Myxarium nucleatum Wallr. (1833)
Synonyms
Tremella nucleata Schwein. (1822)[1][2] Naematelia nucleata (Schwein.) Fr. (1822) Exidia nucleata (Schwein.) Burt (1921) Tremella gemmata Lév. (1842)[1][3] Naematelia gemmata (Lév.) Fr. (1874) Exidia gemmata (Lév.) Bourdot & Maire (1920) Naematelia atrata Peck(1872)[1] Myxarium atratum (Peck) Ginns & M.N.L. Lefebvre (1993) Exidia alboglobosa Lloyd (1925)[3] Exidia tremelloides L.S. Olive (1951)[2] Myxarium tremelloides (L.S. Olive) Wojewoda (1981) Myxarium hyalinum (Pers.) Donk (1966)[1]

Myxarium nucleatum (common names crystal brain or granular jelly roll) is a jelly fungus in the family Hyaloriaceae. The sporocarps (fruit bodies) are watery white and gelatinous with small, white, mineral inclusions. It is a common, wood-rotting species in Europe and North America, typically growing on dead attached or fallen branches of broadleaf trees.

Taxonomy

History

The species was originally described by Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Wallroth in 1833, who found it growing on hawthorn in Germany. He placed it in his new genus Myxarium based on its visible white inclusions which he interpreted as spores.^[4] Wallroth noted its similarity to Naematelia nucleata, but nonetheless described Myxarium nucleatum as a new species, using the same epithet.^[1]

Lewis David von Schweinitz had previously described Tremella nucleata from the United States, a species that was later transferred to the genus Exidia by Burt. Many subsequent publications, summarized by Donk (1966) and Reid (1970), have discussed whether the European Myxarium nucleatum is conspecific with the American Exidia nucleata.^[1][3] The consensus now seems to be that they are the same species, but this is based on morphological similarity not on comparing DNA sequences.^[2]

Donk preferred the name Myxarium hyalinum (based on Tremella hyalina Pers.) for this species,^[1] but most later authors have followed Reid in considering Tremella hyalina a nomen dubium (name of uncertain application) that might originally have referred to any whitish or transparent jelly fungus. Persoon had made no mention of white inclusions when originally describing the species.^[3]

Current status

The species is still frequently referred to the genus Exidia,^[5] but molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has indicated that it belongs in a Myxarium clade that is quite separate from the Exidia clade.^[6]

English names

Its recommended English name in the UK is "crystal brain";^[7] in North America it has also been called "granular jelly roll".^[8]

Description

Myxarium nucleatum forms scattered, pustular, gelatinous fruit bodies 0.2 to 1 cm (0.1 to 0.4 in) in diameter. These often coalesce, forming compound fruit bodies that may be irregularly cerebriform (brain-like) and up to 6 cm (2.5 in) across. Fruit bodies are hyaline (colourless) to whitish, occasionally with lilac or pinkish tints. Opaque, white, spherical, mineral inclusions are often evident and are made of calcium oxalate. The spore-bearing surface (hymenium) is smooth. With age, the fruit bodies may become brownish and eventually dry to a thin, varnish-like film. The spore print is white.^[3] The fungus does not have any distinct taste or smell; it is inedible.

Microscopic characters

The basidia are ellipsoid, longitudinally septate, and measure 11–16 x 9–10.5 µm, with a stalk cell up to 28 µm long that becomes enucleate on maturity. The spores are allantoid (sausage-shaped), measuring 8.5–14 x 3.5–5 µm. Hyphae are produced in a gelatinous matrix and are clamped, hyaline, and 1.5 to 2.5 µm wide.^[3]

Similar species

Exidia thuretiana is a lookalike species.

Fruit bodies of Exidia thuretiana are similarly coloured, but are typically more opaque and often appear pleated. They do not (or very rarely) contain white, granular inclusions. Microscopically, E. thuretiana can be distinguished by its sessile (not stalked) basidia. Fruit bodies of several gelatinous Tremella species may also appear similar, but never contain granular inclusions. All can be distinguished microscopically by their non-allantoid spores.^[3]

Habitat, distribution, and ecology

Myxarium nucleatum is often found in association with old pyrenomycetes, but is presumed to be a wood-rotting species, typically found on dead attached or fallen branches. It was originally recorded on hawthorn, but is also known from many other broadleaf trees and shrubs, including beech, ash, sycamore, and ivy.^[3] Myxarium nucleatum typically fruits in autumn and winter. It is widely distributed in Europe, North, Central and South America,^[9] and New Zealand.^[10]

The fruit bodies can serve as host to the auricularioid parasite Zygogloea gemellipara. This fungus grows thin thread-like hyphae—too small to be viewed with the naked eye—on the hymenium of its host. The hyphae of the parasite attach to the host hyphae through twisting, tendril-like haustorial cells.^[11]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Donk MA. (1966). "Check list of European hymenomycetous heterobasidiae". Persoonia 4: 145–335. 
2. ^ ^{a b c} Roberts P. (1998). "A revision of the genera Heterochaetella, Myxarium, Protodontia, and Stypella". Mycotaxon 69: 209–248. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/index.htm. 
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Reid DA. (1970). "New or interesting records of British hymenomycetes. IV". Transactions of the British Mycological Society 55 (3): 413–441. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59351/0055/003/0413.htm. 
4. ^ Wallroth KFW. (1833). Flora cryptogamica Germaniae. Vol II. Nuremberg. pp. 923. http://books.google.com/books?id=22s-AAAAcAAJ.  (description on page 260)
5. ^ "Synonymy: Exidia nucleata (Schwein.) Burt". Species Fungorum. 2008. http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=272493. Retrieved 2011-08-03. 
6. ^ Weiss M, Oberwinkler F. (2001). "Phylogenetic relationships in Auriculariales and related groups – hypotheses derived from nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences". Mycological Research 105: 403–415. doi:10.1017/S095375620100363X. 
7. ^ "Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK" (PDF). British Mycological Society. http://www.fungi4schools.org/Reprints/ENGLISH_NAMES.pdf. 
8. ^ Lincoff GH. (1981). National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms. New York, NY: AA Knopf. p. 400. ISBN 0394519922. 
9. ^ Lowy B. (1971). Flora neotropica. Monograph no. 6. Tremelalles. Hafner Publishing Company Inc. 
10. ^ "Taxonomic details". NZFUNGI - New Zealand Fungi (and Bacteria). Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research. http://nzfungi.landcareresearch.co.nz/html/data.asp?ID=&NAMEPKey=3611. Retrieved 2011-08-03. 
11. ^ "Zygogloea gemellipara: an auricularioid parasite of Myxarium nucleatum". Mycotaxon 52 (1): 241–246. 1994. http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0052/001/0241.htm.