- Dang Guo
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Kuomintang official party flag (Blue Sky White Sun) since 1900
Party-State, or Dang Guo, (Chinese: 黨國; pinyin: Dǎngguó), is a version of the Single-party state ideology that was formerly the official policy of the Republic of China under Kuomintang.
Since 1927, after Sun Yat-sen decided to copy the USSR political system, Chiang Kai-shek used the Kuomintang to control and operate the Republic of China government and the Nationalist Revolutionary Army. All of the major national policies of the ROC bureaucracy were formulated by the Kuomintang party, resulting in the party holding the supreme power of the whole nation.
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Origin
Dang Guo was short for Yi Dang Zhi Guo (以黨治國), which literally means using the political party to run the state. Sun Yat-sen, the Founding Father of the Republic of China, made Dang Guo the official ROC national policy in 1920, having been influenced by Leninist ideology which led to the Russian revolution. According to Sun Yat-sen, Kuomintang should be paramount over the Republic of China, and Kuomintang should issue orders to the ROC bureaucracy, all the NGO groups, and indeed to any individual.
In 1924 Sun Yat-sen said：
- 當俄國革命時，用獨裁政治，諸事一切不顧，只求革命成功……，其能成功，即因其將黨放在國上。我以為……應重新組织，把黨放在國上 。
- During the Russian revolution, political dictatorship was used, everything else can be discarded, the only aim was the success of the revolution... its success was due to the party (Communist Party of the Soviet Union) being on top of the state. I suggest... we should reorganise, by putting the party (Kuomintang) on top of the state (ROC).
Kuomintang holding supreme power
After Sun Yat-sen decided to follow and copy the USSR political system, his successor Chiang Kai-shek used Kuomintang to control and to operate both the Republic of China government and the Nationalist Revolutionary Army, which was sometimes called The Party's Army (黨軍), and equivalent to Mao Zedong's famous quote Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun. The ROC bureaucracy had then become the means and tools of Kuomintang, where all the major national policies were formulated, resulting in the party holding the supreme power of the whole nation.
Under Dang Guo, ROC military personnel and civil servants alike were expected to owe their allegiance to Kuomintang first and the State second - a policy reflected by such phrases as "Service to the Party and the Nation" (功在黨國), and also on the national anthem, which makes an explicit reference to "Our Party". Likewise, the emblem of Kuomintang was used as the emblem of the State, and the flag of Kuomintang has been used as the naval jack to this day.
Dang Guo was not abandoned by Kuomintang until the democratization of the Republic of China in the 1990s.[citation needed]
Chinese Communist Party and People's Republic of China
Peking University professor Pan Wei (Chinese: 北京大学国际关系学院国际政治系教授，潘维) had stated that the political structure of People's Republic of China is supported by the Chinese Communist Party in six major ways:
- Communist Party and its core decision making departments, such as Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Politburo of the Communist Party of China, Propaganda Department of the Communist Party of China, Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Communist Party of China, Political and Legislative Affairs Committee of the Communist Party of China, Organization Department of the Communist Party of China Central Committee
- The all-powerful National People's Congress has always been under the control of the CCP.
- All the PRC governmental departments are under the control of CCP.
- People's Liberation Army is under control of the CCP.
- Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference is under control of the CCP.
- All the semi-governmental departments, such as trade unions, women's associations, communist youth groups, are all under control of the CCP.
Professor Pan Wei went on to state that the China's supreme control power is rest on Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China.[1]
PLA of the Communist Party of China
- 毛泽东 1938年《战争和战略问题》:“我们的原则是党指挥枪，而决不容许枪指挥党。
Translation:On 1938, Mao Zedong stated: The fundamental principle is, the Communist Party is in command of the Army, not the other way around
On 1 April 2009 Gen. Li Jinai, the PLA's top political commissar who sits on the 11-member Chinese Communist Party Central Committee that exercises direct control over China, had stated that China's military (People's Liberation Army PLA) "must continue taking orders exclusively from the Communist Party" in an essay published in the party's official theoretical journal, Qiushi.
The essay further stated:
“ "Unshakingly uphold the basic principle and system of the party's absolute leadership over the army...Resolutely oppose the wrong thinking of 'army-party separation, depoliticization, and army nationalization...At all times, make the party flag the army's flag and ... in all things listen to the commands of the party, Central Military Commission and President Hu,"[2] ” See also
- Wild Strawberry student movement
- Single-party state
References
- ^ 潘维. "潘维：中国党政体制——现行政体的由来" (in Chinese). China elections and governance. http://www.chinaelections.org/NewsInfo.asp?NewsID=111152. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
- ^ . Victoria Advocate Publishing Co. 1 April 2009. http://www.victoriaadvocate.com/news/2009/apr/01/bc-as-china-communist-party-military/. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
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