Declaratory judgment

A declaratory judgment is a judgment of a court in a civil case which declares the rights, duties, or obligations of one or more parties in a dispute. A declaratory judgment is legally binding, but it does not order any action by a party.^[1] In this way, the declaratory judgment is like an action to quiet title, a paternity petition, or any other form of preventive adjudication.^[2] The declaratory judgment is generally distinguished from an advisory opinion because the latter does not resolve an actual case or controversy. A court may issue a declaratory judgment by itself or along with some other relief (such as an award of damages or an injunction). A declaratory judgment is sometimes called a declaratory ruling, a term which also includes decisions of regulatory agencies.

A declaratory judgment is typically requested when a party is threatened with a lawsuit but the lawsuit has not yet been filed; or when a party or parties believe that their rights under law and/or contract might conflict; or as part of a counterclaim to prevent further lawsuits from the same plaintiff (for example, when only a contract claim is filed, but a copyright claim might also be applicable). In some instances, a declaratory judgment is filed because the statute of limitations against a potential defendant may pass before the plaintiff incurs damage (for example, a malpractice statute applicable to a certified public accountant may be shorter than the time period the IRS has to assess a taxpayer for additional tax due to bad advice given by the C.P.A.).

Declaratory judgments are authorized by statute in most common law jurisdictions. In the United States, the federal government and most states enacted statutes in the 1920s and 1930s authorizing their courts to issue declaratory judgments.^[3] Although the declaratory judgment is generally a statutory remedy, it resembles remedies historically associated with equity.^[4] As a result, the declaratory judgment has sometimes been described as a form of equitable relief.^[5]

Cease and Desist

The filing of a declaratory judgment lawsuit can follow one party sending a cease and desist letter to another.^[6] A party contemplating the sending of such a letter risks that the recipient, or a party related to the recipient, such as a customer or supplier of the recipient, may file for a declaratory judgment in their own jurisdiction.^[7] This may require the sender to appear in a distant court, at their own expense. Thus, the sending of a cease and desist letter presents a dilemma to the sender, as it would be desirable to be able to address the issues at hand in a candid manner without the need for litigation. Upon receiving a cease and desist letter, the recipient may seek a tactical advantage by instituting declaratory judgment litigation in a more favorable jurisdiction.^[8]

Sometimes the parties agree in advance of discussions that no declaratory judgment lawsuit will be filed while the negotiations are continuing. Sometimes a lawsuit is filed, but not served, prior to sending such a notice, to preserve a jurisdiction advantage without engaging the judicial process fully. Some parties send cease and desist letters that make "an oblique suggestion of possible infringement" to lower the risk that the recipient files a declaratory judgment lawsuit.^[9]

Declaratory Judgment Actions in Patent Litigation

Declaratory judgments are common in patent litigation - as well as in other areas of intellectual property litigation, because declaratory judgments allow an alleged infringer to "clear the air" with regard to a product or service which may be the focal point of a business. Take, for example, a typical claim of patent infringement. When a patent owner becomes aware of an infringer, the owner can simply wait until he pleases to bring a suit for infringement.^[10] Meanwhile, the monetary damages continuously accrue - with no effort expended by the patent owner, apart from marking the patent number on products the patent owner sold or licensed.^[11] On the other hand, the alleged infringer could do nothing to rectify the situation if no declaratory judgment existed. The alleged infringer would be forced to continue to operate his business with the cloud of a lawsuit over his head. Fortunately, the declaratory judgment procedure allows the alleged infringer to proactively bring suit to resolve the situation and eliminate the cloud of uncertainty looming overhead.

Common claims for declaratory judgment in patent cases are non-infringement, patent invalidity, and unenforceability. In order to bring a claim for declaratory judgment in a situation where a patent dispute may exist or develop, the claimant must establish that an actual controversy exists.^[12] If there is a substantial controversy of sufficient immediacy and reality, the court will generally proceed with the declaratory judgment action.^[13] The court may even hear the action if the patentee has not filed a cease and desist letter.^[14] The standard for an actual controversy was most recently addressed by the Supreme Court in MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc., 549 U.S. 118 (2007). However, even if an actual controversy exists, the declaratory judgment statute is permissive—a district court, in its discretion, may decline to hear a declaratory judgment action.^[15]

Usually the claimant is actually making, using, selling, offering to sell or importing or is prepared to actually make, use or sell, offer to sell or import an allegedly infringing device or method, and usually the patent owner has claimed that such activities by claimant will result in patent infringement.^[16] An express threat of litigation is not needed, nor is it a guarantee that jurisdiction will be granted.^[17] Some factors courts have considered in this analysis are whether a patent owner has asserted its rights against an alleged infringer in a royalty dispute, whether the owner has sued a customer of an alleged infringer, or whether an owner has made statements regarding its patents in trade magazines.

Patent Pitfalls and Strategy

The patent owner must be very careful when communicating with possible infringers. If a patent owner does suggest that there is patent coverage of what an alleged infringer is doing or planning to do, the alleged infringer may bring suit.^[18] The alleged infringer, as the plaintiff in the suit, can choose the venue of the suit subject to constitutional restrictions and the state long-arm statute of the forum in question. The suit can be brought in any forum if the local federal district court can properly obtain personal jurisdiction over the alleged infringer. The patent owner being sued for a declaratory judgment created a situation where he has lost the "home field advantage." Travel costs to a distant courthouse can be substantial, and a party litigating in a distant forum may have to hire a local attorney, if required by the local rules, in addition to the regular patent litigation counsel.

Also, distant juries sometimes prefer the "home town" guy over the foreigner.^[19] Defendants in infringement cases should also not forget the utility of a declaratory judgment as a counterclaim. If a defendant brings a declaratory judgment counterclaim, the plaintiff may not be able to so easily drop the suit if the outcome begins to look dismal because plaintiff now has to defend the counterclaim.

Patent owners should also be aware that a counterclaim of infringement is a compulsory counterclaim to a claim for declaratory judgment of non-infringement. C.f. Vivid Techs., Inc. v. Am. Sci. & Eng'g Inc., 200 F.3d 795, 802 (Fed. Cir. 1999). If a patent owner fails to assert an infringement counterclaim in a declaratory judgment non-infringement suit, the patent infringement claim will be deemed waived.

References

1. ^ 28 U.S.C.S. § 2201 (“Any such declaration shall have the force and effect of a final judgment or decree and shall be reviewable as such.”)
2. ^ http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1483859; see Samuels v. Mackell, 401 U.S. 66, 70 (“Although the declaratory judgment sought by the plaintiffs was a statutory remedy rather than a traditional form of equitable relief, the Court made clear that a suit for declaratory judgment was nevertheless ‘essentially an equitable cause of action,’ and was ‘analogous to the equity jurisdiction in suits quia timet or for a decree quieting title.’”) (citations omitted)
3. ^ See Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C.S. § 2201
4. ^ http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1483859
5. ^ See Samuels v. Mackell, 401 U.S. 66, 70 (“Although the declaratory judgment sought by the plaintiffs was a statutory remedy rather than a traditional form of equitable relief, the Court made clear that a suit for declaratory judgment was nevertheless ‘essentially an equitable cause of action,’ and was ‘analogous to the equity jurisdiction in suits quia timet or for a decree quieting title.’”) (citations omitted); Green v. Mansour, 474 U.S. 64, 72 (1985) (“The propriety of issuing a declaratory judgment may depend upon equitable considerations”). But see Gulfstream Aerospace Corp. v. Mayacamas Corp., 485 U.S. 271, 310 (1988) (“Actions for declaratory judgments are neither legal nor equitable”).
6. ^ http://home.comcast.net/~jlw28129/05Harvey-Appel.pdf
7. ^ See http://www.houstoninternetlaw.com/Cease%20and%20Desist.html; http://ocpatentlawyer.com/cease-and-desist-letters/. But see http://www.law.com/jsp/lawtechnologynews/PubArticleLTN.jsp?id=1202492338347&slreturn=1
8. ^ See http://www.houstoninternetlaw.com/Cease%20and%20Desist.html; http://ocpatentlawyer.com/cease-and-desist-letters/
9. ^ http://library.findlaw.com/2003/Oct/31/133125.html
10. ^ But see 35 U.S.C. 286 (imposing a 6 year time limitation on damages).
11. ^ See http://library.findlaw.com/2002/Dec/19/132442.html
12. ^ See MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc., 549 U.S. 118, 126-27 (2007).
13. ^ See MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc., 549 U.S. 118, 127 (2007).
14. ^ http://www.houstoninternetlaw.com/Cease%20and%20Desist.html.
15. ^ See Grand T. W. R. Co. v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 746 F.2d 323, 325 (6th Cir. 1984) (“Title 28 of the United States Code § 2201 provides that in ‘a case of actual controversy within its jurisdiction’ a federal court ‘may’ give a declaratory judgment, a power permissive, not mandatory. Although it is well settled that the granting of a declaratory judgment rests in the "sound discretion" of the court”).
16. ^ 35 U.S.C. 271.
17. ^ See http://www.houstoninternetlaw.com/Cease%20and%20Desist.html; Grand T. W. R. Co. v. Consolidated Rail Corp., 746 F.2d 323, 325 (6th Cir. 1984).
18. ^ See http://www.houstoninternetlaw.com/Cease%20and%20Desist.html; http://ocpatentlawyer.com/cease-and-desist-letters/
19. ^ http://www.valoremlaw.com/documents/ChanenPretrialPractice.pdf

External links

• 28 U.S.C. 2201-2 - Declaratory judgment
• Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 57
• Uniform Declaratory Judgment Act
• Samuel Bray, Preventive Adjudication, 110 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1275 (2010)