Demographics of Melbourne

Significant overseas born populations[1]
Place of Birth	Population (2006)
United Kingdom	156,457
Italy	73,801
Vietnam	57,926
China	54,726
New Zealand	52,453
Greece	52,279
India	50,686
Sri Lanka	30,594
Malaysia	29,174
Philippines	24,568
Germany	21,182
Malta	18,951
South Africa	17,317
Republic of Macedonia	17,287
Hong Kong	16,917
Poland	16,439
Croatia	15,367
Lebanon	14,645
Netherlands	14,581
Turkey	14,124
Bosnia and Herzegovina	13,546
Egypt	11,580
Total	774,600

Demographic map of Melbourne. Each dot indicates 100 persons born in Britain (dark blue), Greece (light blue), Mainland China (red), India (brown), Vietnam (yellow), Turkey (purple), Italy (light green) and (former states of) Yugoslavia (dark green). Based on 2006 Census data

Melbourne is Australia's second largest city, a diverse and multicultural city.

Almost a quarter of Victoria's population was born overseas, and the city is home to residents from 180 countries, who speak over 233 languages and dialects and follow 116 religious faiths. Melbourne has the second largest Asian population in Australia, which includes the largest Indian and Sri Lankan communities in the country.^[2][3][4]

The earliest known inhabitants of the broad area that later became known as Melbourne were Indigenous Australians – specifically, at the time of European settlement, the Bunurong, Wurundjeri and Wathaurong tribal groups. Melbourne is still a centre of Aboriginal life — consisting of local groups and indigenous groups from other parts of Australia, as all indigenous Victorians were removed/murdered from Victoria during colonization – with the Aboriginal community in the city numbering over 20,000 persons (0.6% of the population).^[5]

Demographic history

European settlement and Gold Rush immigration

Melbourne's Chinatown, established in 1854, is the oldest in Australia and one of the oldest worldwide

The first European settlers in Melbourne were British and Irish. These two groups accounted for nearly all arrivals before the gold rush, and supplied the predominant number of immigrants to the city until the Second World War.

Melbourne was transformed by the 1850s gold rush; within months of the discovery of gold in August 1852, the city's population had increased by nearly three-quarters, from 25,000 to 40,000 inhabitants.^[6] Thereafter, growth was exponential and by 1865, Melbourne had overtaken Sydney as Australia's most populous city.^[7]

Large numbers of Chinese, German and United States nationals were to be found on the goldfields and subsequently in Melbourne. The various nationalities involved in the Eureka Stockade revolt nearby give some indication of the migration flows in the second half of the nineteenth century.^[8]

Post-war immigration

In the aftermath of the Second World War, Melbourne experienced unprecedented inflows from Mediterranean Europe and the Balkans, primarily Greece, Italy, Bosnia, Croatia, Serbia, Macedonia, and West Asia, mostly from Lebanon, Cyprus and Turkey. According to the 2001 Census, there were 151,785 ethnic Greeks in the metropolitan area.^[9] 47% of all Greek Australians live in Melbourne.^[10] Ethnic Chinese and Vietnamese also maintain significant presences.

Socioeconomics

Darker green indicate areas of higher household incomes. Suburbs immediately east of the centre tend to be more affluent

Areas within the Greater Melbourne area host varying groups of socio economic background, inner city areas tend to be more affluent, gentrified or bohemian, suburban areas tend to house middle class residents, whilst outer suburban areas tend to house lower income residents.

Other points of note include increased property prices in public transport corridors, leading to many of these areas, particularly in the inner east, being more affluent.

Ethnic groups and multiculturalism

An Indian restaurant in West Melbourne.

Melbourne does enjoy comparatively high levels of migrant integration to the other capital cities, however some ethnic groups are associated with the suburb in which they first settled:

• Italian - (Carlton/Brunswick)
• Macedonian - (Thomastown)/(St Albans)
• Indian - (south eastern suburbs such as Hampton Park and Narre Warren, north western suburbs, south western suburbs)
• Greek - (Oakleigh, Northcote and Hughesdale, interspersed in northern and eastern suburbs)
• Sri Lankans - (Dandenong, Endeavour Hills, Lynbrook, Hallam, South eastern suburbs, north western suburbs)
• Vietnamese - (Richmond, Springvale, Footscray, northwestern and south eastern suburbs)
• Cambodian - (Springvale South, Keysborough)
• Chinese - (Glen Waverley, Box Hill)
• Jewish - (North Caulfield, Caulfield, St. Kilda East, southeastern suburbs)
• Middle Eastern - (northern and southwestern suburbs)
• Maltese - (Sunshine, Keilor, St.Albans, Airport West)
• Bosnian, Serb and Croat - (St Albans)/(Springvale)
• Filipino - (Hoppers Crossing)
• Turkish - (Broadmeadows)
• Lebanese - (Coburg)
• Russian - (Carnegie)
• Spanish - (Fitzroy)
• North African - (Flemington)
• Sub-Saharan African - (Noble Park).

The cities of Dandenong, Monash, Casey and Whittlesea on Melbourne's fringe are particular current migrant hotspots.^[11]

Melbourne exceeds the national average in terms of proportion of residents born overseas: 34.8% compared to a national average of 23.1%. In concordance with national data, Britain is the most commonly reported country of birth, with 4.7%, followed by Italy (2.4%), Greece (1.9%) and then China (1.3%). Melbourne also features substantial Vietnamese, Indian and Sri Lankan-born communities, in addition to recent South African and Sudanese influxes.

Over two-thirds of people in Melbourne speak only English at home (68.8 %). Italian is the second most common home language (4.0 %), with Greek third and Chinese fourth, each with over 100,000 speakers.^[12]

Demographics, multiculturalism and cuisine

As a result of large migrant populations, Melbourne has a proliferation of areas where restaurants, cafes and services of similar international demographic establish, particularly Indian, Thai, Vietnamese, Chinese and Malaysian cuisines. Some of these areas include:

• Robinson, Walker and Foster streets, Dandenong - Indian (Little India)
• Thomas Street, Dandenong - Afghan (Afghan Bazaar)
• Central Springvale - Authentic Thai, Vietnamese & Chinese
• Glen Waverley - Chinese and East Asian cuisine
• Lygon Street, southern end, Carlton - Italian cuisine (Little Italy)
• Little Bourke Street, eastern end, Melbourne city - Chinese and East Asian cuisine (Chinatown)
• Central Box Hill - Chinese and East Asian cuisine
• Lonsdale Street, top end, Melbourne city - Greek cuisine
• Central Footscray - Vietnamese and African cuisine
• Sydney Road, Coburg - Turkish
• Victoria Street, Abbotsford/Richmond - Vietnamese (Little Saigon)
• Johnston Street, western end, Fitzroy - Spanish/Mexican
• Caulfield & North Caulfield - Kosher Jewish cuisine
• Areas notable for large variety of mixed cuisine - Dandenong, Ormond, Brunswick, Melbourne city

Religion

St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne (the foundation stone was laid in 1858)

The 2006 Census records show some 28.3% (1,018,113) of Melbourne residents list their religious affiliation as Catholic.^[13] The next highest responses were No Religion (20.0%, 717,717), Anglican (12.1%, 433,546), Eastern Orthodox (5.9%, 212,887) and the Uniting Church (4.0%, 143,552).^[13] Buddhists, Muslims, Jews and Hindus collectively account for 7.5% of the population.

Judaism

Four out of ten Australian Jews call Melbourne home. The city is also residence to the largest number of Holocaust survivors of any Australian city,^[14] indeed the highest per capita concentration outside Israel itself.^[15] To service the needs of the vibrant Jewish community, Melbourne's Jewry have established multiple synagogues, which today number over 30,^[16] along with a local Jewish newspaper.^[17] Melbourne's largest university - Monash University is named after prominent Jewish general and statesman, John Monash.^[18]

Christianity

64% of Melburnians consider themselves Christians. The city has two large cathedrals - St Patrick's (Roman Catholic),^[19] and St Paul's (Anglican).^[20] Both were built in the Victorian era and are of considerable heritage significance as major landmarks of the city.^[21]

Islam

The 500,000 Muslims that call Australia home, are noted for their diversity — from more than 60 countries with wildly disparate cultures.^[22]

Sikhism

Sikhism is a small but growing minority religion in Australia, that can trace its origins in the nation to the 1830s. The Sikhs form one of the largest subgroups of Indian Australians with 26,500 adherents according to the 2006 census, having grown from 17,000 in 2001 and 12,000 in 1996[1][2]. Most adherents can trace their ancestry back to the Punjab region of South Asia, which is currently divided between India and Pakistan. Whereas, as per anecdotal evidence collected by Sikh Council of Australia inc, there are approximately 100,000 Sikhs in Australia and the number of Punjabi speakers is even higher. They are often mistaken for who they are not, due to Sikh men required to wear a “Turban” as one of the 5 articles of faith. The largest Sikh community’s are situated on the Eastern Sea Board, Melbourne, Sydney, Brisbane followed by Adelaide, Perth, Canberra, Cairns, Townsville. Sikh’s also make up a significant population in the town of Woolgoolga near Coffs Harbour, NSW where they own Banana Plantations. There is also a significant Sikh population in Griffith NSW, Renmark SA, associated with Farming. Kahlon Estate’s in Renmark which produce Australia’s Premium Wines are owned by Sikh emigrants

Hinduism

The majority of Australian Hindus live along the Eastern Coast of Australia and are mainly located in Melbourne and Sydney. As a community Hindus live relatively peacefully and in harmony with the local populations. They have established a number of temples and other religious meeting places and celebrate most Hindu festivals.^[23]

Buddhism

In 1848, the first large group of Buddhists to come to Australia, came as part of gold rush - most of whom stayed briefly for prospecting purposes rather than mass migration. In 1856, a temple was established in South Melbourne by the secular Sze Yap group. The first specific Australian Buddhist group, the Buddhist Study Group Melbourne, was formed in Melbourne in 1938, however it collapsed during the Second World War.^[24]

Irreligion

Melbourne and indeed Australia are highly secularised, with the proportion of people identifying themselves as Christian declining from 96% in 1901 to 64% in 2006 and those who did not state their religion or declared no religion rising from 2% to over 30% over the same period.^[25]

Population history, density and growth statistics

Melbourne population by year
1836	177
1854	123,000	(gold rush)
1880	280,000	(property boom)
1956	1,500,000
1981	2,806,000
1991	3,156,700	(economic slump)
2001	3,366,542
2006	3,744,373
2010	4,077,036[26]	(Estimate)
2026	5,038,100[27]	(Projected)
2056	6,789,200[27]	(Projected)

Melbourne urban area density (people/ha)
1951	23.4[28]
1961	21.4[29]
1971	18.1[30]
1981	15.9[31]
1986	16.05[32]
1991	16.8[33]
1996	17.9[34]
1999	17.05[35]
2001	15.9[36]

Although Victoria's net interstate migration has fluctuated, the Melbourne statistical division has grown by approximately 50,000 people a year since 2003. Melbourne has now attracted the largest proportion of international overseas immigrants (48,000) finding it outpacing Sydney's international migrant intake, along with having strong interstate migration from Sydney and other capitals due to more affordable housing and cost of living, which have been two recent key factors driving Melbourne's growth.^[37][38]

In recent years, Melton, Wyndham and Casey, part of the Melbourne statistical division, have recorded the highest growth rate of all local government areas in Australia. Despite a demographic study stating that Melbourne could overtake Sydney in population by 2028,^[39] the ABS has projected in two scenarios that Sydney will remain larger than Melbourne beyond 2056, albeit by a margin of less than 3% compared to a margin of 12% today. However, the first scenario projects that Melbourne's population overtakes Sydney in 2039, primarily due to larger levels of internal migration losses assumed for Sydney.^[27]

Chart of Melbourne's current and projected population growth

Melbourne's population density declined following the Second World War, with the private motor car and the lures of space and property ownership causing a suburban sprawl, mainly eastward. After much discussion both at general public and planning levels in the 1980s, the decline has reversed since the recession of the early 1990s.

The city has seen increased density in the inner and western suburbs. Since the 1970s, Victorian Government planning blueprints, such as Postcode 3000 and Melbourne 2030, have aimed to curtail the urban sprawl.^{[40] [41]}

See also

• Demographics of Australia
• Birth rate and fertility rate in Australia
• Immigration to Australia
• Melbourne population growth

References

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2. ^ "Vicnet Directory Indian Community". Vicnet. http://www.vicnet.net.au/community/ethnic/indian/. Retrieved 2008-10-02. 
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4. ^ "Vietnamese Community Directory". yarranet.net.au. http://www.yarranet.net.au/~acacia/vietcom.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-02. ^{[dead link]}
5. ^ VicNet — Strategy for Aboriginal Managed Land in Victoria: Draft Report [Part 1-Section 2]
6. ^ Victorian Cultural Collaboration. "Gold!". sbs.com.au. Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20080724135849/http://sbs.com.au/sbsmain/gold/story.html?storyid=49. Retrieved 2008-07-18. 
7. ^ The Snowy Mountains Scheme and Multicultural Australia
8. ^ Annear, Robyn (1999). Nothing But Gold. The Text Publishing Company. 
9. ^ 2001 Social Atlas for Melbourne abs.gov.au
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12. ^ "Demographic Profiling of Victorian Government Website Visitors 2007". egov.vic.gov.au. http://www.egov.vic.gov.au/index.php?env=-innews/detail:m1497-1-1-8-s-0:n-1582-1-0--. Retrieved 2008-10-02. 
13. ^ ^{a b} "QuickStats : Melbourne (Statistical Division)". 2006 Census. www.censusdata.abs.gov.au. http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?&action=401&tabname=Summary&areacode=205&issue=2006&producttype=QuickStats&textversion=true&navmapdisplayed=true&&breadcrumb=PLD&. Retrieved 2008-07-18. 
14. ^ Holocaust Remembrance in Australian Jewish Communities Judith Berman
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17. ^ "Welcome to the AJN!". The Australian Jewish News. Archived from the original on 2008-07-29. http://web.archive.org/web/20080729224318/http://www.ajn.com.au/news/news.asp?catID=2. Retrieved 2008-10-05. 
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26. ^ "3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2009–10". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 31 March 2011. http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Products/3218.0~2009-10~Main+Features~Main+Features?OpenDocument. Retrieved 21 November 2011. 
27. ^ ^{a b c} "3222.0 – Population Projections, Australia, 2006 to 2101". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 4 September 2008. http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3222.0. Retrieved 21 November 2011. 
28. ^ MMBW, ed. Melbourne metropolitan planning scheme 1954 : planning scheme ordinance p23. Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works. http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/124476?lookfor=&offset=&max=290. 
29. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics 1961. Found in University and State libraries and some public libraries: Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). 
30. ^ Australian Bureau of Statistics 1971
31. ^ Maher, C.A.. Division of National Mapping and the Australian Bureau of Statistics. ed. Melbourne -- a social atlas [cartographic material]. 3 (Atlas of population and housing, 1981 census ; ed.). Canberra : Division of National Mapping and Australian Bureau of Statistics in association with the Institute of Australian Geographers, 1984.. ISBN 0642516340. http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/1233002. 
32. ^ Social Atlas/"Supermap" Census Data, 1986
33. ^ Social Atlas/"Supermap" Census Data, 1991
34. ^ Victoria. Dept. of Infrastructure, ed. Report of the Advisory Committee on the Victoria planning provisions (VPPs) / Minister for and Local Government. [Melbourne] : Minister for Planning and Local Government, 1998. 
35. ^ "Melbourne Urbanized Area: Statistical Local Areas by Population Density: 1999". www.demographia.com. http://www.demographia.com/db-melbourne-dense.htm. Retrieved 2008-07-18. 
36. ^ Regional Economic Development in Victoria: Melbourne Statistical Division
37. ^ The Resurgence of Marvellous Melbourne Trends in Population Distribution in Victoria, 1991-1996
38. ^ Article by John O'Leary. Monash University Press
39. ^ "Population pushing Melbourne to top". The Australian. www.theaustralian.news.com.au. 12 November 2007. http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22741975-601,00.html. Retrieved 2008-07-18. 
40. ^ "Melbourne 2030 - in summary". Victorian Government, Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE). http://www.dse.vic.gov.au/melbourne2030online/content/introduction/02_summary.html. Retrieved 2008-10-05. 
41. ^ "City of Melbourne — Strategic Planning — Postcode 3000". City of Melbourne. http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=288&pg=1362. Retrieved 2008-10-05.