- Tolima Department
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For other uses, see Tolima (disambiguation).
Department of Tolima
Departamento del Tolima— Department — 
Flag
Coat of armsMotto: Tolima Solidario Anthem: Bunde Tolimense Tolima shown in red
Coordinates: 4°26′N 75°14′W / 4.433°N 75.233°WCoordinates: 4°26′N 75°14′W / 4.433°N 75.233°W Country 
ColombiaRegion Andes Region Established August 4, 1886 Capital Ibagué Government - Governor Oscar Barreto Quiroga (2008-) (partido conservador colombiano) Area - Total 23,562 km2 (9,097.3 sq mi) Area rank 19 Population (2005)[1] - Total 1,335,177 - Rank 10 - Density 56.7/km2 (146.8/sq mi) Time zone UTC-05 ISO 3166 code CO-TOL Provinces 6 Municipalities Website www.tolima.gov.co Tolima is one of the 32 departments of Colombia, located in the Andean region, in the center-west of the country. It is bordered on the north and the west by the department of Caldas; on the east by the department of Cundinamarca; on the south by the department of Huila, and on the west by the departments of Cauca, Valle del Cauca, Quindío and Risaralda. Tolima has a surface area of 23,562 km², and its capital is Ibagué. The department of Tolima was created in 1861 from a part of what was previously Cundinamarca.
Contents
History
Indigenous civilization
The Pijao people lived in Tolima during pre-Columbian times. The name of the department comes from the Pijao word for "snowed". The Panches, from the Pijao liguistic family, were also settled here, reaching the region beyond the Magdalena valleys. Renowned as fierce warriors, the Panches are widely known for fighting the Muisca over the control of emerald mining territories. They fought against a Spanish-Muisca coalition and were ultimately defeated in the Battle of Tocarema in 1537.
Spanish colonization
Spanish colonization of the region began in 1537 with Sebastián de Belalcázar travelling from the city of Cali to be with his colleague, Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, in Bogota. On its way, Belarcázar founded the settlement that would become eventually become known as Ibagué. Belarcázar traveled until he reached the site of Flandes in Tolima before arriving at Bogota. The definitive foundation began with Captain Andrés Lopez de Galarza who founded the city of Ibagué and the site on which the municipality of Cajamarca would be based, in the west of the department. These two cities would become an important part of the "coffee axis".
Demographics
- Mestizos (Amerindian - European mix) & European (94.46%. The majority of the population are racially mixed but there is a substantial minority of European ancestry
- Amerindian or Indigenous (4.32%)
- African (1.22%)
Geography
Physiography
The Tolima department includes three distinct regions: a mountainous region, occupied by the Cordillera Central; a plain, that corresponds to the valleys of the rivers Magdalena and Saldaña; and the region to the southeast which forms the western slope of the Cordillera Oriental, which contains the source of the Cabrera river.
Hydrography
The territory of Tolima is traversed from the south to north by the Magdalena River, of which the main rivers of the Tolima are tributary. Other rivers are the Saldaña river, the Cabrera, Coello, the Tetuán, the Gualí, the Rio Recio, and the Rio Prado. The Rio Prado dam is found on the river of the same name. This is the largest fresh water lake in central Colombia and is also an important tourist attraction.
Armed conflict
Main article: Colombian armed conflict (1960s–present)The department is considered a traditional stronghold of the guerrilla movement FARC-EP. It was founded in 1964 in the mountain range between Tolima and Valle del Cauca.[2] In 2011 there have been frequent clashes between the Colombian army and the Central Bloc of the FARC-EP, which was believed to be under the direct command of FARC leader Alfonso Cano until his death in November 2011.[3][4][5][6]
Economy
Plantation of rice in Saldaña
The economy of the Tolima is based on agriculture.
Industry in Tolima, as has been happening to the whole country, has been declining in its proportion of GDP, while services gain more importance, a phenomenon known as deindustrialization. Within the sector services Tolima excels in commerce, public administration, other services to the community and "reparaciones", which contribute respectively 11.2% and 9.1% of the GDP.
The GDP per inhabitant in Tolima, registered during 2002 a reduction of 0.4% in constant prices.
According to the results of the DANE census, the department of Tolima registered between the years of 2001 and 2002 a diminution, to constant prices, of 0.1% in its GDP, falling from Col$2.05 trillion in 2001 to Col$2.04 trillion in 2002. The result is explained by the fact that traditional sectors within the economic structure of the department such as the coffee registered a reduction of 22.4%, reducing 2 percentage points to the total variation, and others did not have important growth or presented/displayed diminutions in its added values. So it is the case of the activity branches: transport, commerce and repairs, industry and electricity gas and water, which jointly reduced 1.7 percentage points to the variation, whereas other services, rights and taxes, construction and farming rest, forestry and 3.6 percentage points fish were the branches with greater positive contribution to the variation of the GDP when contributing.
Culture
- Music and the Arts
Music is the distinguishing cultural expression of Tolima. Its capital, Ibagué, is well-known as "the musical city of Colombia", and is home to one of the nation's classic conservatoriums. The department also is famous for the Fiestas of San Pedro in Espinal, San Juan in Natagaima and in Ibagué, the Colombian Folkloric Festival and the "Concurso de Duetos Garzón y Collazos."
Tolima has produced many writers: Arturo Camacho Ramíez, Juan Lozano y Lozano, Diego Fallon, William Ospina, James Cañón, Martín Pomala, Luz Stella; painters: Darío Jiménez, Jorge Elías Triana, Darío Ortiz Robledo, Carlos Granada, Julio Fajardo; historians Eduardo Santa, Gonzalo Sanchez, Hermes Tovar Pinzón, Hernán Clavijo, Darío Ortiz Vidales.
- Gastronomy
The department is also widely recognised for its distinctive cuisine. Famous regional dishes include the Tamal Tolimense, a corn-and-yellow pea-based paste with pork, egg, chicken and vegetable filling, wrapped inside a plantain leaf; the Lechona, a yellow pea-and-meat-stuffed pork; Empanadas, small potato, rice and meat stuffed pastries, made with corn dough; Achiras (although not exclusively from this department) and Bizcocho calentano, smaller flour pastries; and Quesillo, a type of cheese wrapped in a plantain leaf. Drinks include the Avena, a cold oatmeal-based drink.
- Other
Tolima gave to the country ten presidents: Domingo Caycedo, José María Melo, Manuel Murillo Toro, José María Rojas Garrido, Miguel Abadía Méndez, Alfonso López Michelsen, Darío Echandía, Carlos Lozano y Lozano, Gabriel París, and Deogracias Fonseca.
Government
Municipalities
The Departament of Tolima groups its municipalities into six provinces: Norte, Oriente, Sur, Ibagué, Suroriente, and Nevados.
- Ibagué
- Eastern
See also
- Alberto Castilla (1878-1937), founder of the Conservatory of the Tolima, and composer of the Hymn of Tolima Department
References
- ^ http://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2005/regiones/tolima/tolima.pdf Population Statistics by DANE
- ^ http://colombiajournal.org/the-hunt-for-farc-commander-alfonso-cano.htm
- ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hhoYfFifo2eb-SrtZeVHzcu8Pmeg?docId=CNG.41971b485ee2ef5deab8795dfaf39733.461
- ^ http://www.france24.com/en/20110604-colombia-farc-security-chief-killed#
- ^ http://revistacofradia.com/blog/2011/02/18/fuertes-combates-en-el-sur-del-tolima-aun-no-se-confirma-muerte-de-alfonso-cano/
- ^ http://colombiareports.com/colombia-news/news/14749-farc-attack-kills-2-soldiers.html
External links
- (Spanish) Government of Tolima official website
Departments of Colombia 
Categories:- Tolima Department
- Departments of Colombia
- States and territories established in 1886
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