Pistacia lentiscus

For other uses, see Mastic (disambiguation).

Pistacia lentiscus Mastic
Mastic foliage and flowers
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Sapindales
Family:	Anacardiaceae
Genus:	Pistacia
Species:	P. lentiscus
Binomial name
Pistacia lentiscus L.

Pistacia lentiscus (Greek: μαστίχα) (Mastic) is a dioecious evergreen shrub or small tree of the Pistacio genus growing up to 4 m (13 ft) tall which is cultivated for its aromatic resin, mainly on the Greek island of Chios.^[1]

Description

This is a shrub or tree dioecious, with separate male and female plants, evergreen from 1 to 5 m high, with a strong smell of resin, which grows in the dry and rocky areas in Mediterranean Europe. It resists heavy frosts and grows on all types of soils and can grow well in limestone areas and even salty or saline, this makes it more abundant near the sea. It is also found in woodlands, dehesas (almost deforested pasture areas), kermes oak wood, oaks wood, garrigue, maquis, hills, gorges, canyons and rocky hillsides of the entire Mediterranean area. It is a very typical species that grows in Mediterranean mixed communities of myrtle, Kermes oak, Mediterranean dwarf Palm, buckthorn, sarsaparilla, etc. and serves as protection and food for birds and other fauna in this ecosystem. It is a very hardy pioneer species dispersed by birds and abundant in dry Mediterranean. When older, it develops some large trunks and numerous thicker and longer branches. In appropriate areas, when allowed to grow freely and age, it often becomes a tree of up to 7 m. However, logging, grazing and fires often prevent its development.

The leaves are alternate, leathery, and compound paripinnate (no terminal leaflet) with 5 or 6 pairs^[2] of deep green leaflets. It presents very small flowers, the male with 5 stamens, the female trifid style. The fruit is a drupe, first red and then black when ripe, about 4 mm in diameter^{[dubious – discuss]}.

In tourist areas, with palmitos or mediterranean dwarf Palm, and exotic plants, it is often chosen to repopulate gardens and resorts, because of its strength and attractive appearance. Unlike other species of pistacia, it retains its leaves throughout the year. It has been introduced as an ornamental shrub in Mexico, where it has naturalized and is often seen primarily in suburban and semi-arid areas where summer rainfall climate contrary to the Mediterranean, where originates, doesn't hurt it.

It is related to the (Pistacia terebinthus) that hybridizes easily with Pistacia lentiscus in the areas in contact, P. x saportae Burnat (P. lentiscus x P. terebinthus) that has leaves imparipinnate, with leaflets semipersistent, subsessile terminal and sometimes reduced. However, occupy different biotopes and barely overlap. Mastic appears at lower elevations and near the sea, while the Pistacia terebinthus most frequently inhabits inland and mountainous areas like Iberian System.

Distribution

Pistacia lentiscus is native throughout the Mediterranean region, from Morocco and Iberian peninsula in the west through southern France and Turkey to Iraq and Iran in the east. It is also native to the Canary Islands.^[3] The word mastic derives either from the Greek verb mastichein ("to gnash the teeth", origin of the English word masticate) or massein ("to chew").^[4]

Within the European Union, Mastic production in Chios is granted protected designation of origin (PDO) and a protected geographical indication (PGI) name.^[5] These are granted because, although the tree is native to all of the Mediterranean region, only the mastic trees of southern Chios "weep" the masticha resin when their bark is scored.^[6] The island's mastic production is controlled by a co-operative of medieval villages, collectively known as the 'Mastichochoria' (Μαστιχοχώρια), which are also located in the southern part of Chios.

Resin

Main article: Mastic_(plant_resin)

The aromatic, ivory coloured resin, also known as mastic, is harvested as a spice from the cultivated mastic trees grown in the south of the Greek island of Chios in the Aegean Sea, where it is also known by the name "Chios Tears". Originally liquid, it is sun dried into drops of hard, brittle, translucent resin. When chewed, the resin softens and becomes a bright white and opaque gum.

Cultivation history

The resin is collected by bleeding the trees from small cuts made in the bark of the main branches, and allowing the sap to drip onto the specially prepared ground below. The harvesting is done during the summer months between June and September. After the mastic is collected it is washed manually and spread in the sun to dry.

Mastic shrub

Mastic resin is a relatively expensive kind of spice that has been used principally as a chewing gum for at least 2,400 years.^[7] The flavour can be described as a strong, slightly smoky, resiny aroma and can be an acquired taste.

Some scholars identify the bakha בכא mentioned in the Bible—as in the Valley of Baca (Hebrew: עמק הבכא‎) of Psalm 84 - with the mastic plant. The word bakha appears to be derived from the Hebrew word for crying or weeping, and is thought to refer to the "tears" of resin secreted by the mastic plant, along with a sad weeping noise which occurs when the plant is walked on and branches are broken. The Valley of Baca is thought to be a valley near Jerusalem that was covered with low mastic shrubbery, much like some hillsides in northern Israel today. In an additional biblical reference, King David receives divine counsel to place himself opposite the Philistines coming up the Valley of Rephaim, southwest of Jerusalem, such that the "sound of walking on the tops of the bakha shrubs" (קול צעדה בראשי הבכאים) signals the moment to attack (II Samuel V: 22–24).

Mastic is known to have been popular in Roman times when children chewed it, and in Medieval times it was highly prized for the Sultan's harem both as a breath freshener and for cosmetics. It was the Sultan's privilege to chew mastic, and it was considered to have healing properties. The spice's use was widened when Chios became part of the Ottoman Empire, and it remains popular in North Africa and the Near East.

The Mastichochoria (mastic-producing villages) are located in the southern part of Chios.

Uses

Culinary art

Mastic gum is principally used either as a flavouring or for its gum properties, as in mastic chewing gum.

As a spice, it continues to be used in Greece to flavour spirits and liquors (such as Chios's native drinks of Mastichato and mastica), chewing gum, and a number of cakes, pastries, spoon sweets, and desserts. Sometimes it is even used in making cheese.^[6] Mastic resin is a key ingredient in Dondurma (Turkish ice cream) and Turkish puddings, giving those confections their unusual texture and bright whiteness. In Lebanon and Egypt the spice is used to flavour many dishes, ranging from soups to meats to desserts, while in Morocco smoke from the resin is used to flavour water. In Turkey mastic is used as a flavor of Turkish delight. Recently, a mastic flavoured fizzy drink has also been launched, called "Mast".

Mastic resin is a key ingredient in Greek festival breads, for example, the sweet bread tsoureki and the traditional New Year's Vasilopita. Furthermore, mastic is also essential to myron, the holy oil used for chrismation by the Orthodox Churches.^[6]

As well as its culinary uses, mastic continues to be used for its gum and medicinal properties. The resin is used as a primary ingredient in the production of cosmetics such as toothpaste, lotions for the hair and skin, and perfumes.

Mastic resin

In Hebrew, the word for chewing gum is "mastic".

Medicine

Mastic resin is also chewed as a gum to soothe the stomach. People in the Mediterranean region have used mastic as a medicine for gastrointestinal ailments for several thousand years. The first century Greek physician and botanist, Dioscorides, wrote about the medicinal properties of mastic in his classic treatise De Materia Medica ("About Medical Substances"). Some centuries later Markellos Empeirikos and Pavlos Eginitis^[4] also noticed the effect of mastic on the digestive system.

Regular consumption of mastic has been proven to absorb cholesterol, thus easing high blood pressure and reducing the risk of heart attacks. Mastic oil also has anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties, and as such is widely used in the preparation of ointments for skin disorders and afflictions. It is also used in the manufacture of plasters.^[6]

In recent years, university researchers have provided the scientific evidence for the medicinal properties of mastic. A 1985 study by the University of Thessaloniki and by the Meikai University discovered that mastic can reduce bacterial plaque in the mouth by 41.5 percent. A 1998 study by the University of Athens found that mastic oil has antibacterial and anti-fungal properties. Another 1998 University of Nottingham study, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, claims that mastic can heal peptic ulcers by killing Helicobacter pylori, which causes peptic ulcers, gastritis, and duodenitis. Some in vivo studies have shown that mastic gum has no effect on Helicobacter pylori when taken for short periods of time.^[8][9] However, a recent and more extensive study showed that mastic gum reduced Helicobacter pylori populations after an insoluble and sticky polymer (poly-β-myrcene) constituent of mastic gum was removed and taken for a longer period of time. Further analysis showed the acid fraction was the most active antibacterial extract, and the most active pure compound was isomasticadienolic acid.^[10]

Miscellanea

Apart from its medicinal properties and cosmetic and culinary uses, mastic gum is also used in the production of high grade varnish.

The Mastic tree has been introduced into Mexico as an ornamental plant, where it is very prized and fully naturalized. The trees are grown mainly in suburban areas in semi-arid zones and remain undamaged, although the regime of summer rainfall is contrary to its original Mediterranean climate.

See also

• False mastic
• Greek cuisine
• Greek food products
• Mastic (plant resin)
• Mastichochoria

References

1. ^ Pistacia lentiscus L. at Mansfeld's Database Taxonomy
2. ^ Stephenson, J.; Churchill, J.M. (1831). Medical botany, or, Illustrations and descriptions of the medicinal plants of the London, Edinburgh, and Dublin pharmacopoeias: comprising a popular and scientific account of all those poisonous vegetables that are indigenous to Great Britain. J. Churchill. http://books.google.ca/books?id=V4MfAAAAYAAJ&dq=pistacia+lentiscus+leaflets&source=gbs_navlinks_s. 
3. ^ Pistacia lentiscus distribution at Germplasm Resources Information Network
4. ^ ^{a b} Mastic at e-xios.gr Chios Portal
5. ^ EU PDO/PGI registration
6. ^ ^{a b c d} "The Magic Tree — Marvelous Masticha", Epikouria Magazine, Fall/Winter 2005
7. ^ BBC - Radio 4 - Woman's Hour -Mastic
8. ^ Loughlin MF, Ala'Aldeen DA, Jenks PJ (February 2003). "Monotherapy with mastic does not eradicate Helicobacter pylori infection from mice". J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 51 (2): 367–71. doi:10.1093/jac/dkg057. PMID 12562704. http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/51/2/367.full. 
9. ^ Bebb JR, Bailey-Flitter N, Ala'Aldeen D, Atherton JC (September 2003). "Mastic gum has no effect on Helicobacter pylori load in vivo". J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 52 (3): 522–3. doi:10.1093/jac/dkg366. PMID 12888582. http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/3/522.full. 
10. ^ Paraschos S, Magiatis P, Mitakou S, et al. (February 2007). "In vitro and in vivo activities of Chios mastic gum extracts and constituents against Helicobacter pylori". Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51 (2): 551–9. doi:10.1128/AAC.00642-06. PMC 1797732. PMID 17116667. http://aac.asm.org/cgi/content/full/51/2/551. 

Further reading

• Takahashi K, Fukazawa M, Motohira H, Ochiai K, Nishikawa H, Miyata T (April 2003). "A pilot study on antiplaque effects of mastic chewing gum in the oral cavity". J. Periodontol. 74 (4): 501–5. doi:10.1902/jop.2003.74.4.501. PMID 12747455. http://www.joponline.org/doi/abs/10.1902/jop.2003.74.4.501%20?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed. 

External links

• Chios mastic Growers Association (in Greek)