Members of the Parliament of Finland, 1924-1927

Members of the Parliament of Finland, 1924-1927

This is the list of the members of the Parliament of Finland between May 1, 1924 – September 1, 1927 following the parliamentary election held April 1–2, 1924. The elections were originally scheduled be held in August 1925; but after the Socialist Workers Party had been outlawed and its members arrested, the Parliament only had 173 members instead of 200. Disagreement between President Ståhlberg and Prime Minister Kallio on the question of early elections caused the latter to resign. The new caretaker cabinet led by Aimo Cajander then ordered disbandment of the Parliament and early elections.[1]

The elections did not cause major changes to the Finnish political landscape. The communists—in the form of Socialist Workers' and Small Farmers' Election Alliance—lost 9 seats, majority of which were gained by Social Democratic Party of Finland. Together the parties on the left had only 78 seats, less than ever before. Social Democrats remained the largest group in Parliament with 60 seats, followed by Agrarian Party and National Coalition Party.[1] Among the 200 members of the Parliament were 17 women (8.5%).[2]

Kyösti Kallio acted as Speaker of the Parliament of Finland until he become Minister in March 1925. Wäinö Wuolijoki was then the Speaker 1925–26 and Paavo Virkkunen 1926–27.[1]

Miina Sillanpää become Finland's first female minister in 1926.

Only the first of the four cabinets formed during this parliament had a majority,[3] and it too lost its majority when the Agrarian Party withdraw from cabinet following a disagreement on pensions of government officials. The Ingman cabinet finally resigned four months after that due to defeat of the election bill.[1]

As neither National Progressive Party nor Swedish People's Party were willing to enter the new cabinet due to their disappointment with the election bill, Antti Tulenheimo formed a minority cabinet between National Coalition and Agrarian Parties. After this cabinet had resigned due to question of national defense funding, Kyösti Kallio headed another cabinet formed on the same basis.[1]

The fourth and last cabinet formed during this Parliament and led by Väinö Tanner is important in the Finnish political history for several reasons. It was the first time the largest party in Finland, the Social Democrats, had participated in a cabinet during the time Finland had been independent, and also only the second time in the history of the Parliament of Finland after the Tokoi senate in 1917.[1] It also had Finland's first female minister, Miina Sillanpää.[4]

Cabinets formed during the parliament[3]
Cabinet Start End Days Parties
Lauri Ingman's second cabinet May 13, 1924 March 31, 1925 305 National Coalition Party
National Progressive Party
Agrarian Party[N 1]
Swedish People's Party
Antti Tulenheimo's cabinet March 31, 1925 December 31, 1925 276 National Coalition Party
Agrarian Party
Kyösti Kallio's second cabinet December 31, 1925 December 13, 1926 348 National Coalition Party
Agrarian Party
Väinö Tanner's cabinet December 13, 1926 December 17, 1927 370 Social Democratic Party

Members of the Parliament 1924-1927

In the table, the names written with italics were appointed to the Parliament later than May 1, 1924—the first day of the new Parliament—to replace those who had died or resigned. The names are given here as in the membership roll of the Parliament; for example the name Svento is used instead of Sventorzetski even though the latter version was used until 1938.

English name Finnish name Seats[1]
Social Democratic Party of Finland Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue 60[N 2]
Agrarian Party Maalaisliitto 44
National Coalition Party Kansallinen Kokoomus 38
Socialist Workers' and Small Farmers' Election Alliance Sosialistinen työväen ja pienviljelijäin vaaliliitto 18[N 2]
Swedish People's Party Ruotsalainen kansanpuolue
Swedish: Svenska folkpartiet		 23[N 3]
National Progressive Party Kansallinen Edistyspuolue 17
Name Born Sex Parliamentary group Constituency Notes Source
Aalto, Artturi 1876 M Social Democratic Party Uusimaa Province [1]
Aalto, Johan 1886 M Social Democratic Party Viipuri Province West [2]
Ahlfors, Fanny 1884 F Social Democratic Party Turku Province North [3]
Ailio, Julius 1872 M Social Democratic Party Häme Province South [4]
Ainali, Sakari 1874 M National Coalition Party Oulu Province South [5]
Alestalo, Anshelm 1880 M Agrarian Party Turku Province North [6]
Allila, Aleksander 1890 M Workers' and Small Farmers' Election Alliance Uusimaa Province [7]
Ampuja, Mikko 1882 M Social Democratic Party Uusimaa Province [8]
Anderson, Amos 1878 M Swedish People's Party Turku Province South [9]
Annala, Valentin 1859 M Social Democratic Party Turku Province South [N 4] [10]
Arhama, Kusti 1885 M Agrarian Party Oulu Province South [11]
Aromaa, Emanuel 1873 M Social Democratic Party Turku Province North [12]
Asikainen, Aatami 1891 M Workers' and Small Farmers' Election Alliance Kuopio Province West [13]
Auer, Ilmari 1879 M National Progressive Party Uusimaa Province [14]
Bergroth, Waldemar 1852 M National Coalition Party Turku Province South [15]
Björk, Matts 1867 M Swedish People's Party Vaasa Province North [16]
von Born, Ernst 1885 M Swedish People's Party Uusimaa Province [17]
Brander, Uuno 1870 M National Progressive Party Oulu Province South [18]
Bryggari, Tuomas 1881 M Social Democratic Party Vaasa Province East [19]
Eerola, Albert 1874 M National Coalition Party Häme Province South [20]
Elfving, Otto 1874 M Social Democratic Party Vaasa Province North [N 5] [21]
Estlander, Ernst 1870 M Swedish People's Party Vaasa Province South [22]
Forsberg, Anders 1864 M Swedish People's Party Turku Province South [23]
Furuhjelm, Ragnar 1879 M Swedish People's Party Uusimaa Province [24]
Gebhard, Hedvig 1867 F National Coalition Party Uusimaa Province [25]
Hakala, Kalle 1880 M Social Democratic Party Mikkeli Province [26]
Hakkila, Väinö 1882 M Social Democratic Party Häme Province North [27]
Halonen, Toivo 1893 M Social Democratic Party Mikkeli Province [28]
Hannula, Mandi 1880 F National Progressive Party Mikkeli Province [29]
Harvala, Kaarlo 1885 M Social Democratic Party Häme Province North [30]
Hatva, Eero 1872 M Agrarian Party Kuopio Province West [31]
Haverinen, Anna 1884 F Social Democratic Party Viipuri Province West [32]
Heikinheimo, Eva 1887 F National Progressive Party Vaasa Province East [N 6] [33]
Heikinheimo, Oskari 1873 M National Coalition Party Vaasa Province East [34]
Heikkilä,Bernhard 1882 M National Coalition Party Turku Province South [35]
Heikkinen, Pekka 1883 M Agrarian Party Kuopio Province West [36]
Heikura, Eino 1893 M Agrarian Party Turku Province North [37]
Helo, Johan 1889 M Social Democratic Party Turku Province South [38]
Hiidenheimo, Artturi 1877 M National Coalition Party Uusimaa Province [39]
Hiidenheimo, Elli 1883 F National Coalition Party Häme Province North [40]
Hirvensalo, Vilho 1881 M National Progressive Party Kuopio Province West [41]
Hornborg, Eirik 1879 M Swedish People's Party Uusimaa Province [42]
Huotari, Anni 1874 F Social Democratic Party Uusimaa Province [43]
Hurme, Kaarlo 1883 M Agrarian Party Vaasa Province East [44]
Huttunen, Edvard 1889 M Workers' and Small Farmers' Election Alliance
Social Democratic Party[N 2]		 Viipuri Province West [45]
Hänninen, Kaarlo 1876 M Agrarian Party Oulu Province North [46]
Härmä, Frans 1881 M National Coalition Party Turku Province North [47]
Hästbacka, Emil 1872 M Swedish People's Party Vaasa Province North [48]
Ihamuotila, Janne 1868 M Agrarian Party Häme Province North [49]
Inborr, Johannes 1867 M Swedish People's Party Vaasa Province North [50]
Ingman, Lauri 1868 M National Coalition Party Turku Province North [51]
Isaksson, August 1886 M Workers' and Small Farmers' Election Alliance Vaasa Province South [52]
Itkonen, Rieti 1889 M Social Democratic Party Kuopio Province East [53]
Jacobsson, Otto 1886 M Swedish People's Party Vaasa Province South [54]
Janhonen, Toivo 1886 M Agrarian Party Oulu Province South [55]
Jaskari, Aaro 1880 M National Progressive Party Vaasa Province East [N 7] [56]
Jaskari, Mikko 1866 M National Coalition Party Vaasa Province North [57]
Jern, Levi 1893 M Swedish People's Party Vaasa Province South [58]
Jokela, Edvard 1889 M Workers' and Small Farmers' Election Alliance Uusimaa Province [59]
Junes, Antti 1874 M Agrarian Party Oulu Province North [60]
Junnila, Taave 1869 M National Coalition Party Turku Province North [61]
Jussila, Oskari 1888 M National Coalition Party Oulu Province North [62]
Juutilainen, Antti 1882 M Agrarian Party Viipuri Province East [63]
Jyske, Jalmari 1884 M National Progressive Party Kuopio Province East [64]
Järvinen, Kyösti 1869 M National Coalition Party Uusimaa Province [65]
Kaila, Erkki 1867 M National Coalition Party Uusimaa Province [66]
Kallio, Kyösti 1873 M Agrarian Party Oulu Province South [67]
Kalliokoski, Viljami 1894 M Agrarian Party Vaasa Province North [68]
Kares, Kaarlo 1873 M National Coalition Party Häme Province South [69]
Kauranen, Jooseppi 1880 M Agrarian Party Viipuri Province East [70]
Keto, Jaakko 1884 M Social Democratic Party Häme Province South [71]
Kilpeläinen, Edvard 1879 M National Coalition Party Viipuri Province West [72]
Kinnunen, Juho 1865 M National Coalition Party Mikkeli Province [73]
Kirra, Kalle 1893 M Agrarian Party Turku Province North [74]
Kivimäki, Toivo 1886 M National Progressive Party Turku Province South [75]
Klockars, Johannes 1867 M Swedish People's Party Vaasa Province South [76]
Koivulahti-Lehto, Hilma 1881 F Social Democratic Party Vaasa Province East [77]
Koivuranta, Janne 1885 M Agrarian Party Oulu Province North [78]
Komu, Yrjö 1890 M Social Democratic Party Mikkeli Province [79]
Komulainen, Juho 1875 M Workers' and Small Farmers' Election Alliance Kuopio Province West [N 8] [80]
Kontio, Oskari 1884 M Agrarian Party Mikkeli Province [81]
Kontula, Manu 1873 M Social Democratic Party Uusimaa Province [82]
Koponen, Albin 1881 M Social Democratic Party Kuopio Province East [83]
Kopsa, Pekka 1887 M Agrarian Party Viipuri Province East [84]
Kovanen, Jalmari 1877 M Social Democratic Party Vaasa Province East [85]
Kuisma, Antti 1892 M Agrarian Party Viipuri Province East [86]
Kukkonen, Antti 1889 M Agrarian Party Viipuri Province East [87]
Kulenius, Evert 1879 M Swedish People's Party Vaasa Province North [88]
Kulmala, Kalle 1891 M Workers' and Small Farmers' Election Alliance Turku Province South [89]
Kylänpää, Kustaa 1881 M National Coalition Party Turku Province North [N 9] [90]
Kärki, Frans 1884 M Agrarian Party Vaasa Province South [91]
Lahdensuo, Jalo 1882 M Agrarian Party Vaasa Province North [92]
Laurén, Karl 1879 M Swedish People's Party Turku Province South [93]
Lautala, Emil 1882 M Agrarian Party Viipuri Province West [94]
Lehto, Toivo 1891 M Social Democratic Party Vaasa Province East [95]
Lehtokoski, Aino 1886 F Social Democratic Party Turku Province South [96]
Leino, Jussi 1894 M Social Democratic Party Turku Province South [97]
Leinonen, Olga 1877 F Social Democratic Party Häme Province South [98]
Liedes, Jaakko 1886 M Workers' and Small Farmers' Election Alliance Oulu Province North [N 10] [99]
Lindberg, Gustaf 1882 M Swedish People's Party Uusimaa Province [100]
Linna, Eemil 1876 M National Progressive Party Häme Province North [101]
Lohi, Kalle 1872 M Agrarian Party Oulu Province North [102]
Lonkainen, Jussi 1890 M Social Democratic Party Viipuri Province East [103]
Louhelainen, Arvi 1896 M Social Democratic Party Kuopio Province East [104]
Luostarinen, Alpo 1886 M National Progressive Party Mikkeli Province [105]
Makkonen, Matti 1879 M Agrarian Party Kuopio Province West [106]
Malkamäki, Aino 1895 F Social Democratic Party Mikkeli Province [107]
Mangs,Josef 1883 M Swedish People's Party Vaasa Province South [108]
Manner, Albin 1888 M Agrarian Party Viipuri Province East [109]
Mannermaa, Juho 1871 M National Coalition Party Oulu Province South [110]
Mantere, Oskari 1874 M National Progressive Party Häme Province South [111]
Meriläinen, Pekka 1886 M Social Democratic Party Vaasa Province North [N 11] [112]
Molin, Knut 1876 M Swedish People's Party Turku Province South [113]
Muhonen, Atte 1888 M Social Democratic Party Vaasa Province East [114]
Mustasilta, Frans 1879 M Social Democratic Party Turku Province North [115]
Myllymäki, Kalle 1883 M Social Democratic Party Häme Province South [116]
Neitiniemi, Aukusti 1875 M National Coalition Party Lapinmaa [117]
Nikkanen, Ville 1885 M National Coalition Party Viipuri Province West [118]
Niukkanen, Juho 1888 M Agrarian Party Viipuri Province East [119]
Nukari, Evert 1874 M National Coalition Party Häme Province South [120]
Nurminen, Uno 1895 M Workers' and Small Farmers' Election Alliance Uusimaa Province [121]
Paasivuori, Matti 1866 M Social Democratic Party Viipuri Province West [122]
Paasonen, Armas 1885 M Social Democratic Party Kuopio Province West [123]
Paavolainen, Erkki 1890 M National Coalition Party Viipuri Province East [124]
Palmgren, Axel 1867 M Swedish People's Party Uusimaa Province [125]
Peltonen, Johannes 1868 M National Coalition Party Häme Province North [126]
Pelttari, Niilo 1886 M Agrarian Party Oulu Province South [127]
Pennanen, Pekka 1872 M National Coalition Party Kuopio Province East [128]
Pensas,Otto 1885 M Social Democratic Party Kuopio Province East [129]
Penttala, Isak 1883 M Social Democratic Party Vaasa Province South [N 12] [130]
Piippo, Vilho 1888 M Social Democratic Party Oulu Province South [131]
Piitulainen, Mikko 1878 M Agrarian Party Viipuri Province East [132]
Pitkänen, Matti 1885 M Agrarian Party Viipuri Province East [133]
Pitkänen, Taavi 1892 M Workers' and Small Farmers' Election Alliance Kuopio Province West [N 13] [134]
Pohjala, Lauri 1870 M National Coalition Party Viipuri Province West [135]
Pojanluoma, Hermanni 1869 M National Coalition Party Vaasa Province [136]
Procopé, Hjalmar 1889 M Swedish People's Party Uusimaa Province [N 14] [137]
Puittinen, Matti 1883 M Social Democratic Party Kuopio Province East [138]
Pulkkinen, Yrjö 1875 M National Coalition Party Häme Province North [139]
Pullinen, Erkki 1871 M National Progressive Party Viipuri Province East [140]
Raatikainen, August 1874 M Agrarian Party Kuopio Province West [141]
Ramstedt, Emanuel 1881 M Workers' and Small Farmers' Election Alliance Turku Province South [142]
Rannikko, Juho 1873 M National Coalition Party Turku Province South [143]
Rantala, Viljo 1892 M Social Democratic Party Turku Province North [144]
Rapo, Jussi 1878 M Social Democratic Party Viipuri Province East [145]
Reinikainen, Oskari 1885 M Social Democratic Party Viipuri Province West [146]
Reinikka, Tyko 1887 M Agrarian Party Kuopio Province East [147]
Rosenberg, Mauritz 1879 M Workers' and Small Farmers' Election Alliance Oulu Province South [148]
Ruotzi, Siviä 1880 F National Coalition Party Viipuri Province West [149]
Ryynänen, Juho 1873 M Agrarian Party Kuopio Province East [150]
Ryömä, Hannes 1878 M Social Democratic Party Uusimaa Province [151]
Räsänen, Janne 1879 M Workers' and Small Farmers' Election Alliance Oulu Province South [152]
Saarelainen, Pekka 1868 M Agrarian Party Kuopio Province East [153]
Saari, Kaarlo 1855 M Social Democratic Party Vaasa Province South [N 15] [154]
Saarinen, Emil 1879 M Social Democratic Party Häme Province North [155]
Saarinen, Paavo 1886 M Agrarian Party Turku Province South [156]
Saastamoinen, Armas 1886 M National Coalition Party Kuopio Province West [N 16] [157]
Salo, Sulo 1887 M Agrarian Party Oulu Province South [158]
Savenius, Filemon 1883 M Workers' and Small Farmers' Election Alliance Oulu Province South [159]
Savolainen-Tapaninen, Anni 1875 F Social Democratic Party Mikkeli Province [160]
Schauman, Georg 1870 M Swedish Left[N 3] Uusimaa Province [161]
Seppälä, Hilda 1879 M Social Democratic Party Uusimaa Province [162]
Seppänen, Jaakko 1881 M Agrarian Party Oulu Province South [163]
Sergelius, Max 1879 M Swedish Left Uusimaa Province [N 17] [164]
Setälä, E. N. 1864 M National Coalition Party Viipuri Province East [165]
Setälä, Edvard 1874 M Social Democratic Party Vaasa Province East [166]
Sillanpää, Miina 1866 F Social Democratic Party Turku Province North [167]
Sirola, Leander 1871 M Social Democratic Party Uusimaa Province [168]
Sjöstedt-Jussila, Anshelm 1869 M National Coalition Party Turku Province North [N 18] [169]
Soikkeli, Antti 1883 M Workers' and Small Farmers' Election Alliance Kuopio Province West [170]
Somersalo, Eva 1883 F National Coalition Party Mikkeli Province [171]
Strengell, Pekka 1882 M Workers' and Small Farmers' Election Alliance Kuopio Province West [N 19] [172]
Sunila, Juho 1875 M Agrarian Party Häme Province South [173]
Svento, Reinhold 1881 M Social Democratic Party Mikkeli Province [174]
Särkkä, Wille 1877 M National Progressive Party Viipuri Province West [175]
Tabell, Emil 1899 M Workers' and Small Farmers' Election Alliance Oulu Province North [176]
Tainio, Taavi 1874 M Social Democratic Party Kuopio Province West [177]
Tanner, Väinö 1881 M Social Democratic Party Turku Province North [178]
Tarkkanen, Mikko 1886 M Agrarian Party Vaasa Province South [179]
Tenhunen, Bruno 1898 M Workers' and Small Farmers' Election Alliance Kuopio Province West [N 20] [180]
Toivonen, Otto 1884 M Social Democratic Party Häme Province South [181]
Tukia, Elias 1877 M Agrarian Party Viipuri Province West [182]
Tulenheimo, Eino 1885 M National Coalition Party Turku Province South [183]
Tuomioja, Walto 1888 M National Progressive Party Turku Province North [184]
Tuomivaara, Eino 1887 M Agrarian Party Viipuri Province West [185]
Turja, Ernsti 1882 M National Coalition Party Vaasa Province North [186]
Typpö, Taneli 1878 M Social Democratic Party Viipuri Province West [187]
Valjakka, Hilma 1881 F Social Democratic Party Mikkeli Province [188]
Valkama, Hannes 1876 M National Progressive Party Viipuri Province West [189]
Vanhala, Tuomas 1872 M National Coalition Party Viipuri Province West [190]
Varho, Kaarlo 1877 M Workers' and Small Farmers' Election Alliance Turku Province North [N 21] [191]
Vehkaoja, Heikki 1889 M Agrarian Party Vaasa Province North [192]
Vennola, Juho 1872 M National Progressive Party Uusimaa Province [193]
Vertanen, Anttoni 1884 M Agrarian Party Viipuri Province East [194]
Vesterinen, Vihtori 1885 M Agrarian Party Vaasa Province East [195]
Vihuri, Iida 1882 F Social Democratic Party Häme Province North [196]
Viljanen, V.M.J. 1874 M National Progressive Party Viipuri Province West [197]
Virkkunen, Paavo 1874 M National Coalition Party Vaasa Province South [198]
Virta, Jalmari 1884 M Workers' and Small Farmers' Election Alliance Häme Province South [199]
Voionmaa, Väinö 1869 M Social Democratic Party Häme Province North [200]
Vuokila, Konsta 1877 M Workers' and Small Farmers' Election Alliance Oulu Province North [N 22] [201]
Vuokoski, Kaarlo 1880 M National Progressive Party Mikkeli Province [202]
Vuorio, Svantte 1890 M Workers' and Small Farmers' Election Alliance Turku Province North [N 23] [203]
Wahlstén, Edvin 1872 M Social Democratic Party Turku Province South [N 24] [204]
Welling, Yrjö 1885 M Social Democratic Party Viipuri Province East [205]
Wiik, K.H. 1883 M Social Democratic Party Uusimaa Province [206]
Witting, Rolf 1879 M Swedish People's Party Uusimaa Province [207]
Wuolijoki, Wäinö 1872 M Social Democratic Party Turku Province South [208]
Zitting, Olli 1872 M National Coalition Party Kuopio Province West [N 25] [209]
Åkerblom, Kristian 1877 M Swedish People's Party Vaasa Province South [210]
Österholm, John 1882 M Swedish People's Party Uusimaa Province [211]

Notes

  1. ^ Agrarian Party withdrew its ministers from the cabinet of Ingman on November 22, 1924
  2. ^ a b c Edvard Huttunen joined the parliamentary group of Social Democratic Party on February 5, 1926
  3. ^ a b Georg Schauman was nominated by Swedish People's Party, but did not join party's parliamentary group after the election and instead formed Swedish Left parliamentary group (Swedish: Svensk Vänster, Finnish: Ruotsalainen vasemmisto).
  4. ^ Valentin Annala died on October 19, 1926
  5. ^ Otto Elfving replaced Pekka Meriläinen on October 20, 1926
  6. ^ Eva Heikinheimo replaced Aaro Jaskari on September 1, 1925
  7. ^ Aaro Jaskari died on August 28, 1925
  8. ^ Juho Komulainen died on April 10, 1927
  9. ^ Kustaa Kylänpää replaced Anshelm Sjöstedt-Jussila on October 20, 1925
  10. ^ Jaakko Liedes replaced Konsta Vuokila on October 17, 1924
  11. ^ Pekka Meriläinen died on April 9, 1926
  12. ^ Isak Penttala replaced Kaarlo Saari on March 4, 1927
  13. ^ Taavi Pitkänen replaced Juho Komulainen on April 25, 1927
  14. ^ Hjalmar Procopé's resignation was accepted on March 9, 1926
  15. ^ Kaarlo Saari died on February 25, 1927
  16. ^ Armas Saastamoinen on resigned February 5, 1926
  17. ^ Max Sergelius replaced Hjalmar Procopé on March 12, 1926 and joined the Swedish Left parliamentary group
  18. ^ Anshelm Sjöstedt-Jussila resigned on September 5, 1925
  19. ^ Pekka Strengell replaced Bruno Tenhunen on October 10, 1924
  20. ^ Bruno Tenhunen was judged to be ineligible for parliament membership on October 1, 1924
  21. ^ Kaarlo Varho replaced Svantte Vuorio on February 1, 1926
  22. ^ Konsta Vuokila was judged to be ineligible for parliament membership on October 1, 1924
  23. ^ Svantte Vuorio resigned on December 2, 1925 due illness
  24. ^ Edvin Wahlstén replaced Valentin Annala on October 20, 1926
  25. ^ Olli Zitting replaced Armas Saastamoinen on February 12, 1926

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Jääskeläinen, Mauno (1973). Itsenäisyyden ajan eduskunta 1919–1938. Suomen Kansanedustuslaitoksen Historia. 7. Eduskunnan historiakomitea. ISBN 951-859-196-2. 
  2. ^ "Eduskunta - edustajamatrikkeli" (in Finnish). Eduskunta. http://www.eduskunta.fi/triphome/bin/thw/trip/?${base}=hetekaue&${maxpage}=101&${snhtml}=hex/hxnosynk&${html}=hex/hx4600&${oohtml}=hex/hx4600&${sort}=lajitnimi&nykyinen=$+and+sukupuoli=nainen+and+(vpr_alkutepvm%3C=2.5.1924+and.t+vpr_lopputepvm%3E=1.5.1924)#alkuun. Retrieved 2009-05-24. 
  3. ^ a b "Ministerikortisto". Valtioneuvosto (Finnish Government). http://www.valtioneuvosto.fi/hakemisto/ministerikortisto/rapot.asp?rapotunnus=1. Retrieved 2009-05-24. [dead link]
  4. ^ Yli-Kovero, Kristiina (2007-05-11). "When widowhood was the only way into the boardroom". Helsingin Sanomat. http://www.hs.fi/english/article/When+widowhood+was+the+only+way+into+the+boardroom/1135227291277. Retrieved 2009-05-24. 

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