Mercury dime

Mercury (Winged Liberty) dime

United States
Value	10 cents (0.10 United States dollars)
Mass	2.500 g
Diameter	17.91 mm  (0.705 in)
Edge	118 reeds
Composition	90% silver 10% copper
Years of minting	1916–1945
Obverse
Design	A depiction of a young Liberty, with winged helmet
Designer	Adolph Weinman
Design date	1916
Reverse
Design	olive branch, fasces
Designer	Adolph Weinman
Design date	1916

The Mercury dime is a ten-cent coin struck by the United States Mint from 1916 to 1945. Designed by Adolph Weinman and also known as the Winged Liberty dime, it gained its common name as the obverse depiction of a young Liberty, identifiable by her winged Phrygian cap, was confused with the Roman god Mercury. Weinman is believed to have used Elsie Stevens, the wife of lawyer and poet Wallace Stevens, as a model. The coin's reverse depicts a fasces, symbolizing unity and strength, and an olive branch, signifying peace.

By 1916, the dime, quarter, and half dollar designed by Mint Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber had been struck for 25 years, and could be replaced by the Treasury, of which the Mint is a part, without Congressional authorization. Mint officials were under the misapprehension that the designs had to be changed, and held a competition among three sculptors, in which Barber, who had been in his position for 36 years, also took part. Weinman's designs for the dime and half dollar were selected.

Although the new coin's design was admired for its beauty, the Mint made modifications to it upon learning that vending machine manufacturers were having difficulties making the new dime work in their devices. The coin continued to be minted until 1945, when the Treasury ordered that a new design, featuring recently deceased president Franklin Roosevelt, take its place.

Inception

On September 26, 1890, the United States Congress passed an act providing:

The Director of the Mint shall have power, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, to cause new designs ... to be prepared and adopted ... But no change in the design or die of any coin shall be made oftener than once in twenty-five years from and including the year of the first adoption of the design ... But the Director of the Mint shall nevertheless have power, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, to engage temporarily the services of one or more artists, distinguished in their respective departments of art, who shall be paid for such service from the contingent appropriation for the mint at Philadelphia.^[1]

The Barber coinage had been introduced in 1892; similar dimes, quarter dollars, and half dollars, all designed by Mint Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber. The introduction had followed a design competition to replace the Seated Liberty coinage, which had been struck since the 1830s.^[2] The Mint had offered only a small prize to the winner, and all invited artists refused to submit entries. The competition was opened to the public, and the judging committee found no entry suitable.^[3] Mint Director Edward Leech responded to the failed competition by directing Barber to prepare new designs for the dime, quarter, and half dollar. The Barber coinage, after its release,^[3] attracted considerable public dissatisfaction.^[4]

Beginning in 1905, successive presidential administrations had attempted to bring modern, beautiful designs to United States coins.^[5] Following the redesign of the double eagle, eagle, half eagle and quarter eagle in 1907 and 1908, as well as the cent and nickel redesigns of 1909 and 1913 respectively, advocates of replacing the Barber coins began to push for the change when the coins' minimum term expired in 1916. As early as 1914, Victor David Brenner, designer of the Lincoln cent, submitted unsolicited designs for the silver coins. He was told in response that Secretary of the Treasury William G. McAdoo was completely occupied with other matters.^[6]

On January 2, 1915, an interview with Philadelphia Mint Superintendent Adam M. Joyce appeared in the Michigan Manufacturer and Financial Record:

So far as I know ... there is no thought of issuing new coins of the 50-cent, 25-cent, and 10-cent values. If, however, a change is made we all hope that more serviceable and satisfactory coins are produced than the recent Saint-Gaudens double eagle and eagle and the Pratt half and quarter eagle. The buffalo nickel and the Lincoln penny are also faulty from a practical standpoint. All resulted from the desire by the government to mint coins to the satisfaction of artists and not practical coiners.^[7]

Philadelphia Mint Superintendent Adam M. Joyce decried the Lincoln cent and other new coinage, believing that they struck badly. Plaquette by George T. Morgan.

In January 1915, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury William P. Malburn sent McAdoo a memorandum about the silver subsidiary coinage, noting that "the present silver half dollar, quarter, and dime were changed in 1892, and a new design may, therefore, be adopted in 1916. This can be done any time in the year."^[8] In reply, McAdoo wrote "[l]et the mint submit designs before we try anyone else." on the memorandum.^[9] McAdoo's response was received by Acting Mint Director Frederic P. Dewey on March 14.^[10]

In April 1915, Robert W. Woolley took office as Mint Director. On April 14, he asked Philadelphia Mint Superintendent Adam Joyce to request Chief Engraver Barber, then in his 36th year in office, to prepare new designs. The same day, Malburn requested the opinion of the Treasury Department's Solicitor concerning the Mint view that it could strike new designs for the three denominations in 1916. On April 17, the Solicitor's Office responded that the Mint could change the designs.^[10] At the time, the Mint was intensely busy producing the Panama-Pacific commemorative series, and immediate action was not taken.^[9] In October, Barber was summoned to Washington to discuss coin designs with Woolley, though it is uncertain whether or not he had already prepared sketches for the new coinage.^[10]

On December 3, Woolley met with the Commission of Fine Arts. Woolley asked the Commission to view sketches produced by the Mint's engraving department. Barber was present to explain the coinage process to the Commission members. Woolley suggested to the members that if they did not like the Mint's work, they should select sculptors to submit designs for the new pieces. It was Woolley's intent to have distinct designs for the dime, quarter and half dollar—previously, the three pieces had been near-identical.^[11] The director informed the Commission that as the existing coinage had been in use for 25 years, it would have to be changed—something which numismatic historian David Lange calls a "misinterpretation of the coinage laws".^[12]

The Commission disliked the sketches from the Mint (submitted by Barber)^[13] and selected sculptors Adolph Weinman, Hermon MacNeil and Albin Polasek to submit proposals for the new coins. The sculptors could submit multiple sketches. Although the Mint could decide to use a design on a denomination not intended by its sculptor, the designs were not fully interchangeable—by statute, an eagle had to appear on the reverse of the quarter and half dollar, but could not appear on the dime. Woolley hoped that each sculptor would be successful with one piece.^[14]

Mint Director Robert W. Woolley (seen on his Mint medal, designed by Assistant Engraver George T. Morgan) advocated for the end of the Barber coinage, though he may not have understood he did not have to replace them.

The three sculptors submitted design sketches in mid-February, and on February 23 met with Woolley in New York so the artists could make presentations of the work to him and answer his questions. After discussions between Woolley and McAdoo, Weinman was notified on February 28 that five of his sketches had been selected—for the dime and half dollar, and the reverse of the quarter. The same day, Woolley wrote to MacNeil to tell him he would sculpt the quarter's obverse, and to Polasek to inform him of his lack of success.^[15] Members of the Commission persuaded Woolley that so much should not be entrusted to a single artist, and MacNeil was allowed to design both sides of the quarter, subject to his making modifications to his submission.^[16]

On March 3, the new coins were publicly announced, with the Treasury noting, "[d]esigns of these coins must be changed by law every 25 years and the present 25 year period ends with 1916." The press release indicated that the Treasury hoped production of the new coins would begin in about two months, once the designs were finalized. The same day, Woolley wrote to Mint Engraver Barber, telling him that his sketches were rejected, and that models from Weinman and MacNeil would arrive at the Philadelphia Mint no later than May 1.^[17] According to numismatic historian Walter Breen, Barber became "sullen and totally uncooperative".^[18] Lange notes that "numerous delays were encountered as the artists fine-tuned their models while simultaneously avoiding obstacles thrown in their path by Barber. While his observations regarding many aspects of practical coinage were quite accurate, they clearly could have been presented in a more constructive manner."^[19] In his book on Mercury dimes, Lange notes that Barber, by then aged 75, had been "compelled over the past ten years to participate in the systematic undoing of a lifetime's achievements"; he had to participate in the process which resulted in coins designed by others replacing ones designed by him.^[20]

Design

Adolph Weinman is widely believed to have utilized his neighbor, Elsie Stevens, as the model for the Mercury dime.

Weinman never disclosed the name of the model for the obverse, and no person ever claimed to have been her. The winged Liberty is widely believed, however, to have been based on a 1913 bust Weinman sculpted of Elsie Stevens, wife of Wallace Stevens.^[21] A lawyer, Wallace Stevens later became famous as a poet, and Wallace and Elsie Stevens rented an apartment from Weinman from 1909 to 1916. In a draft of his unpublished autobiography, Woolley states that Weinman refused to name the model, but told him it was the wife of a lawyer who lived above his Manhattan apartment. (Woolley, in a later version, omits the location, saying only that Weinman said it was the wife of a lawyer friend). Woolley recorded that Weinman told him that the model wore the top of an old pair of stockings to simulate the cap. In 1966, Holly Stevens, Wallace and Elsie's daughter, noted in her edition of her father's letters that Elsie had been the model for Weinman's dime and half dollar.^[21] Liberty's features also bear a resemblance to the face of Victory in Weinman's 1909 statuary group erected in Baltimore, the Union Soldiers and Sailors' Monument.^[22]

Weinmann's 1909 statue of Victory in Baltimore's Union Soldiers and Sailors' Monument has features said to bear a resemblance to those on the Mercury dime.

Weinman's dime depicts Liberty with a wreath of tight curls, and wearing a traditional pileus, or Liberty cap. His depiction of the pileus as a winged cap has provoked comparisons with Roman Republic denarii, comparisons which art historian Cornelius Vermeule considered superficial. Weinman wrote that he considered the winged cap to symbolize "liberty of thought".^[23] Vermeule suggests that one reason for the use of wings was that Weinman, in common with many in the tradition of Augustus Saint-Gaudens, whom Weinman had studied under, liked the effect of feathers done in relief.^[23] The reverse depicts the fasces of war and justice, contrasted with a large olive branch symbolizing peace.^[23] According to Breen, "Weinman's symbolic message in this design ... was clearly an updated 'Don't tread on me'".^[18] The lettering is in Roman style, and is made as discreet as possible.^[23] Weinman's monogram, AW, appears on the obverse, midway between the date and the letter Y in "LIBERTY".^[19] The mintmark is located on the reverse, to the right of the O in "ONE DIME".^[24]

Woolley described the design in his 1916 report to the Secretary of the Treasury:

The design of the dime, owing to the smallness of the coin, has been held quite simple. The obverse shows a head of Liberty with winged cap. The head is simple and firm in form, the profile forceful. The reverse shows a design of the bundle of rods, with battle-ax, known as "Fasces", and symbolical of unity, wherein lies the nation's strength. Surrounding the fasces is a full-foliaged branch of olive, symbolical of peace.^[25]

Preparations

A pattern of the 1916 Mercury dime, cataloged as J-1982, as illustrated in that year's Mint Director's Report. Note that the head is further to the right of the coin than on the issued piece and the head covers less of the "E". Weinman's monogram is also absent.

For additional detail on the 1916 silver subsidiary coin redesign, see Standing Liberty quarter and Walking Liberty half dollar.

After Weinman's success in the competition, he visited the Mint to discuss conversion of his models to finished dies. On his first visit, he found Barber absent, but had a productive talk with long-time Assistant Engraver George T. Morgan. Other visits followed, and on March 29, Woolley wrote to Superintendent Joyce, "[c]onfidentially, the sculptors designing the new coins felt that on their last trip Mr. Morgan was much more cordial and cooperative than Mr. Barber was. I realize I am dealing with artistic temperaments at both ends."^[26] A severe case of tonsillitis delayed Weinman's work, and caused him to request an extension of the May 1 deadline. On May 29, Woolley wrote Weinman that the designs, both for the dime and half dollar, were accepted by the Mint.^[20]

As no Barber pieces of any of the three denominations had been struck in 1916, the pent-up demand was high. On June 24, Woolley wrote to Joyce:

The dime is all right. Please see that working dies for the three mints are made as rapidly as possible, in order that the coinage of the new dimes may be begun quickly. The demand for these coins is exceedingly great. Everyone to whom the coins have been shown here thinks they are beautiful. I beg to enjoin you not to pay out any of the new dimes until you have received special instructions from this office.^[10]

Two days later, work on dies was stopped when it was decided that the lettering insufficiently distinct. The delay, however, did not prevent the Mint from authorizing payment to Weinman for his designs.^[20] On July 15, Woolley resigned as Mint director to work as publicity chairman of the Wilson reelection campaign. As the new director, Friedrich Johannes Hugo von Engelken, did not take office until September 1, 1916, Fred H. Chaffin became acting director. With none of the new designs ready for production, and subsidiary silver coinage in great demand, the Mint had no alternative other than to strike Barber dimes and quarters by the million.^[10]

After the lettering problems were addressed, Acting Director Chafflin ordered a halt to production of Barber dimes on August 29, and ordered production of the Mercury dime to begin the following day at the Philadelphia Mint. Barber had prepared dies for the Denver and San Francisco mints, but they were still in transit. Small quantities of the new dime had been sent to vending machine and pay phone manufacturers; on September 6, two companies reported problems with the coins. AT&T complained that the new dimes were too thick and would not work in their phones. American Sales Machines (owned by Clarence W. Hobbs, whose complaints had delayed the Buffalo nickel) requested design changes so that its counterfeit detector could work. Von Engelken ordered production of the dimes halted. In reality, the dime was not too thick, but the rim of the coin struck too high, a defect known as a "fin". This had been an ongoing problem as Weinman's design was produced, but was thought to have been corrected.^[27] No dimes had yet been struck at the two branch mints. Minting of Barber dimes resumed. After an article quoting Joyce appeared in the press, Von Engelken instructed his staff not to speak to reporters.^[10]

The problems with the dime were a potential embarrassment with a presidential campaign underway. McAdoo enquired how much time would be required for another design to be struck; he was informed it would take months. Instead, Weinman prepared modified designs, separating the letters of "LIBERTY" slightly from the rim, and lowering the relief. McAdoo approved the revised design on September 28. These changes assuaged the concerns of both firms when the revised design was put into production. Von Engelken authorized Joyce to produce coinage dies on October 6, and the new coins were put into production. The earlier strikes, including those reclaimed from the testing companies, were melted, though one specimen is currently known to exist.^[28]

Release and production

The 1916 United States Assay Commission met on February 9 and 10, 1916 to test coins from the previous year to ensure they met specifications. Among the members and Mint officials shown were then-Mint Director Robert W. Woolley (standing third from left), Engraver of the United States Mint at Philadelphia Charles E. Barber (standing fourth from left) and Philadelphia Mint Superintendent Adam Joyce (standing at far right).

The Mercury dime was released into circulation October 30, 1916, the same day that production of the Barber dime ceased.^[29] Several newspapers complained that Weinman's monogram was too prominent on the obverse; according to The New York Times, the Treasury was considering removal.^[29] On November 4, Weinman enquired of Joyce whether any removal was contemplated; he received in reply compliments on his design and Joyce's statement that the Mint was not responsible for what appeared in print. Weinman wrote again, hoping to make changes to the dime, but was told that only an act of Congress could change the design.^[30]

Of the three circulating coins first struck in 1916, the Mercury dime was particularly praised. On the first day of circulation, quantities sold were limited at banks. One Minneapolis newspaper dubbed it the "battle ax" or "golf" dime, reflecting a lack of knowledge concerning the fasces.^[31] A letter to the editor in the January 1917 The Numismatist appears to be the first numismatic reference referring to the coin by the nickname "Mercury".^[32] Lange traced the history of this misnomer,

This misattribution appeared almost immediately in the popular press, as writers imagined that the obviously female Liberty was actually a representation of Mercury, messenger to the Roman gods of mythology and quite certainly a male. It is popularly known as the Mercury Dime even today, despite noble but ill-fated attempts by some publications to reverse this error.^[10]

Chief Engraver Barber died on February 18, 1917, having served 37 years in office. His successor was the 72-year-old Morgan, who had served as assistant for Barber's entire tenure.^[33]

The dime was struck in substantial numbers until 1930, excepting 1921 to 1923, when an economic downturn caused the need for coins to diminish. With the onset of the Great Depression, mintages dropped again in 1930 and 1931; coinage of dimes was suspended entirely in 1932 and 1933. The low mintage dates are not rare today as many were hoarded. With the economy beginning to pick up again, coinage resumed in 1934, and the dime was struck in large numbers each year through the end of the series.^[10]

The death of President Franklin Roosevelt in April 1945 brought immediate calls for a coin to be issued with his image. As Roosevelt had been closely associated with the March of Dimes, and as the dime's design could be replaced without the need for congressional action as it had been struck for more than 25 years, the Treasury chose that denomination to honor Roosevelt. Mint Chief Engraver John R. Sinnock, Morgan's successor, executed the design featuring Roosevelt, which replaced the Mercury dime in 1946, making 1945 the last year in which it was struck. According to Mint Director Nellie Tayloe Ross, a total of 2,677,232,488 Mercury dimes were struck.^[10]

Collecting

The Mint medal for Director Friedrich Johannes Hugo von Engelken, designed by George T. Morgan, who was then assistant engraver.

The 1916-D Mercury dime, struck at the Denver Mint, is the key date of the series, with a mintage of 264,000 pieces.^[10] Few varieties are known in the Mercury dime series.^[34] The 1942/41 is generally termed an overdate; it is actually a doubled-die error—the obverse die from which the coins were struck took one impression from a 1942-dated hub and one from a 1941-dated hub (until the 1990s, dies required two strikes from a hub for the design to be fully impressed). Sinnock stated that the pieces were most likely struck in late 1941, when preparation of the 1942 dies was under way.^[35] Another popular variety is the 1945-S "Micro S", with a smaller-than-normal mintmark. This variety was caused by the Mint's wartime use of a puncheon (used to impress mintmarks on dies and hubs) which had been made for use in early 20th century Philippine coinage struck at San Francisco, which had only a small space for the mintmark.^[34] Beginning in 1928, coin albums were issued by private publishers, mostly in folder form, which were widely used to collect the pieces. This led to a great increase in interest in collecting current coinage by date and mintmark.^[35]

Many Mercury dimes were not fully struck, meaning that design detail was lost even before the coins entered circulation. Exceptionally well-struck dimes display "full bands", that is, the horizontal bands on the fasces show full detail. In circulation, the reverse tended to more readily display wear due to a lower rim in relation to the relief of the design. Most well-circulated dimes show more wear to the reverse.^[36]

Although no 1923 or 1930 dimes were struck at Denver, specimens appearing to be 1923-D or 1930-D dimes may be encountered. These counterfeits are struck in good silver, allowing the coiner to profit on the difference between the cost of production and the face value. They did not appear until after World War II, are invariably found in worn condition, and are believed to have been struck in the Soviet Union, a country known to have counterfeited US coins during World War II.^[37]

References

1. ^ Richardson, William Allen, ed (1891). Supplement to the revised statutes of the United States. 1. Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office. pp. 806–807. http://books.google.com/books?id=Dcg4AAAAIAAJ&dq=act+of+september+26,+1890.  26 Stat L. 484, amendment to R.S. §3510
2. ^ Breen, pp. 572–573.
3. ^ ^{a b} Lange 2006, p. 134.
4. ^ Lange 2006, p. 136.
5. ^ Burdette, p. 12.
6. ^ Burdette, p. 13.
7. ^ "Don't want coin designs changed". Michigan Manufacturing and Financial Journal: 16. January 2, 1915. http://books.google.com/books?id=nosfAQAAMAAJ&dq=adam%20m%20joyce%20superintendent&pg=PT25#v=onepage&q=adam%20m%20joyce%20superintendent&f=false. Retrieved October 20, 2011. 
8. ^ Burdette, pp. 13–14.
9. ^ ^{a b} Burdette, p. 14.
10. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Lange, David. Mercury dimes. Chapter 1: History of the Mercury dimes. DLRC Press. Retrieved on October 14, 2011.
11. ^ Burdette, pp. 14–15.
12. ^ Lange 1993, p. 3.
13. ^ Burdette, p. 16.
14. ^ Burdette, pp. 19–20.
15. ^ Burdette, pp. 22–23.
16. ^ Burdette, pp. 26–27.
17. ^ Lange 1993, pp. 4–5.
18. ^ ^{a b} Breen, p. 326.
19. ^ ^{a b} Lange 2006, p. 150.
20. ^ ^{a b c} Lange 1993, p. 4.
21. ^ ^{a b} Burdette, p. 172.
22. ^ Burdette, p. 173.
23. ^ ^{a b c d} Vermeule, p. 145.
24. ^ Breen, p. 327.
25. ^ Woolley, Robert W. Annual Report of the Director of the Mint for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1916, p. 8. Washington, D.C.: US Government Printing Office, 1916.
26. ^ Taxay, pp. 347–348.
27. ^ Burdette, pp. 60–61.
28. ^ Burdette, pp. 62–65, 105.
29. ^ ^{a b} Burdette, p. 65.
30. ^ Burdette, p. 66.
31. ^ Burdette, p. 93.
32. ^ Burdette, p. 94.
33. ^ Burdette, p. 178.
34. ^ ^{a b} Lange, David. Mercury dimes. Chapter 6: 1942/41. DLRC Press. Retrieved on October 14, 2011.
35. ^ ^{a b} Lange, David. Mercury dimes. Chapter 3: Collecting. DLRC Press. Retrieved on October 14, 2011.
36. ^ Lange, David. Mercury dimes. Chapter 5: Grading. DLRC Press. Retrieved on October 14, 2011.
37. ^ Lange, David. Mercury dimes. Chapter 4: Counterfeit & Altered Coins. DLRC Press. Retrieved on October 14, 2011.

Bibliography

• Breen, Walter (1988). Walter Breen's Complete Encyclopedia of U.S. and Colonial Coins. New York, N.Y.: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-14207-2. 
• Burdette, Roger W. (2005). Renaissance of American Coinage, 1916–1921. Great Falls, Va.: Seneca Mill Press L.L.C. ISBN 0-9768986-2-4. 
• Lange, David (1993). A Complete Guide Book to Mercury Dimes. Virginia Beach, Va.: DLRC Press. ISBN 1880731177. 
• Lange, David W. (2006). History of the United States Mint and its Coinage. Atlanta, Ga.: Whitman Publishing LLC. ISBN 0-7948-1972-9. 
• Taxay, Don (1983). The U.S. Mint and Coinage (reprint of 1966 edition ed.). New York, N.Y.: Sanford J. Durst Numismatic Publications. ISBN 0-915262-68-1. 
• Vermeule, Cornelius (1971). Numismatic Art in America. Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674628403.