- Alpha carbon
The alpha carbon in
organic chemistry refers to the first carbon that attaches to afunctional group (the carbon is attached at the first, or alpha, position).ref|Hackha By extension, the second carbon is the beta carbon,ref|Hackhb and so on. This nomenclature can also be applied to the hydrogen atoms attached to the carbons. A hydrogen attached to an alpha carbon is called an "alpha-hydrogen" (α-hydrogen), a hydrogen on the beta-carbon is a beta-hydrogen, and so on.This naming standard is sometimes considered to be not in compliance with
IUPAC nomenclature (which encourages that carbons be identified by number, not by Greek letter); but it nonetheless remains very popular, particularly because it is useful in identifying the relative location of carbons to other functional groups (often acarbonyl ).In the diagram above, the alpha and beta carbons to the left of the carbonyl group are labeled.
Examples
Proteins and amino acids
α-carbon is also a term that applies to
protein s andamino acid s. It is the backbone carbon next to the carbonyl carbon. Therefore, reading along the backbone of a typical protein would give a sequence of carbonyl C, α-C, N, carbonyl C, α-C, N, and so on (when reading in the C to N direction). The α-carbon is where the different substituents attach to each different amino acid. That is, the groups hanging off the chain at the α-carbon are what give amino acids their diversity. These groups give the α-carbon itsstereogenic properties for every amino acid except forglycine . Therefore, the α-carbon is astereocenter for every amino acid except glycine.The α-carbon of an amino acid is significant in
protein folding . When describing a protein (which is a chain of amino acids), one often approximates the location of each amino acid as the location of its α-carbon. In general, α-carbons of adjacent amino acids in a protein are about 3.8 ångströms (380picometer s) apart.Enols and enolates
The α-carbon is important for enol and
enolate basedcarbonyl chemistry as well. Chemical transformations effected by the conversion to either an enolate or enol generally lead to the α-carbon acting as a nucleophile becoming, for example, alkyated in the presence of primaryhaloalkane . An exception is in reaction with silyl- chlorides, -bromides, and -iodides, where the oxygen acts as the nucleophile to producesilyl enol ether .In
ketone s (a type of carbonyl) with acidic alpha hydrogen atoms on either side of the carbonyl carbon, selectivity ofdeprotonation may be achieved under select conditions. At low temperatures (-78°C, i.e. dry ice bath), in aprotic solvents, and with bulky non-equilibrating bases (e.g. LDA) the "kinetic" proton may be removed. The "kinetic" proton is the one which is sterically most accessible. Under thermodynamic conditions (warmer temperatures, weak base, and protic solvent) equilibrium is established between the ketone and the two possible enolates, the enolate favoured is termed the "thermodynamic" enolate and is favoured because of its lower energy level than the other possible enolate. Thus, by choosing the "correct" conditions to generate an enolate one can increase the yield of the desired product and minimize the formation of the undesired product.References
# "Hackh's Chemical Dictionary", 1969, page 30.
# "Hackh's Chemical Dictionary", 1969, page 95.
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