Havasupai people

Havasupai people
Havsuwʼ Baaja (Havasupai)
A Havasupai in front of Havasu Falls
Total population
About 600 (2004)
Regions with significant populations
Supai, AZ
Languages

Havasupai, English

Religion

Indigenous, Christianity

Related ethnic groups

Yavapai, Hualapai

The Havsuw’ Baaja (Blue Water People), or more commonly the Havasupai, are an American Indian tribe that has called the Grand Canyon its home for at least the past 800 years. Located primarily in an area known as Cataract Canyon, this Yuman-speaking population once laid claim to a land reservation the size of Delaware.[1] In 1882, however, the tribe was forced by the federal government to abandon all but 518 acres of its land. The Havasupai witnessed a silver rush and the Santa Fe Railroad in effect destroyed what was fertile land. Furthermore, the inception of the Grand Canyon as a National Park in 1919 pushed the Havasupai to the brink, as their land was consistently being unlawfully entered and misused[citation needed] by the National Park Service. Over the next century the tribe used the United States judicial system to fight for the restoration of the land. In 1975, after years without progress, the tribe succeeded in regaining 251,000 acres of their ancestral land with the passage of Congressional bill S. 1296.

Besides their battle on Capitol Hill, the Havasupai are well-known for the area in which they reside. As a means of surviving and flourishing in the modern economy the tribe has turned its land, which consists of richly colored waters and awe-inspiring waterfalls, into a bustling tourist hub that attracts thousands of people every year.

Contents

History

Pre-1882

Throughout the centuries the tribe has relied heavily on agriculture, hunting, and gathering as a means of survival. Although living primarily above and inside the Grand Canyon which normally contains harsh terrain, the tribe’s reservation actually was home to some of the most lush vegetation and beautiful waters that the world has to offer. Their name, which means “the-people-of-the-blue-green-waters,” was by no means an aberration.

The Havasupai are said to have existed within and around the Grand Canyon for over eight centuries. Little is known about the tribe prior to their first recorded European encounter in 1776 with Spanish priest Francisco Garces.[2] Garces reported seeing roughly 320 individuals in his time with the Havasupai, a number that would diminish over the centuries as westward expansion and natural catastrophes significantly decreased the population size,[3] before rising to approximately 600 in the current era.

In the first half of the 19th Century, with exception to the introduction of horses by the Spanish, U.S. westward expansion affected the Havasupai less than it did other indigenous populations of the west. Even as interaction with settlers slowly increased, day-to-day life did not change much for the tribe until silver was discovered in 1870 by Cataract Creek.[4] The migration of prospectors to the area was unwelcome. The Havasupai sought protection from the intrusion of western pioneers on their land and sought out assistance, but to little avail. An executive order by President Rutherford Hayes in 1880 established a small federally protected reservation for the tribe, yet it did not include the mining areas along the Creek (Hirst, 1985).

During this era, Havasupai relations with other Native American tribes were generally mixed. Bonds and interactions with the Hopi tribe, whose reservation was in close proximity, were strong, as the two peoples did a great deal of trading with each other.[1] The Hopi introduced crops such as the gourd and sunflower that would eventually become a staple of the Havasupai diet. Still, the Havasupai were not without enemies as they were consistently at odds with the Yavapai and the Southern Paiute, who would steal and destroy crops planted by the Havasupai.[1]

1882–1920

In 1882 President Chester A. Arthur issued an executive order that all land on the plateau of the canyon, which was traditionally used for winter homes for the tribe, was to become public property of the United States.[4] The order in effect delegated the Havasupai to a 518-acre (2.10 km2) plot of land in Cataract Canyon, leaving 90% of their aboriginal land for American public use. According to reports, the Havasupai were completely unaware of the act for several years.[5]

The loss of almost all of their land was not the only issue that the Havasupai were contending with: the increase in the number of settlers in the local region had depleted game used for hunting and soil erosion (a result of poor irrigation techniques) touched off a series of food shortages.[5] Furthermore, interaction with these outsiders sparked a deadly disease outbreak amongst tribe members who were ravaged by small pox, influenza, and the measles.[5] By 1906 only 166 tribe members remained, half the number Garces saw when he first came across the tribe in 1776.[3]

In the 1800s the continental railway system was being greatly expanded and in 1897 construction opened on a spur line of the Santa Fe Railroad which was to lead directly to the Grand Canyon.[5] By 1901 the line was open and in 1903 President Theodore Roosevelt made his famous visit to the Canyon, where while hiking down the Bright Angel Trail he came across several Havasupai whom he ordered to leave the area immediately[citation needed]. The President told them that their home was to be turned into a public park for all American citizens to visit and admire.[5] It took some years, but in 1908 the Grand Canyon was declared a national monument, and by 1919 it had received National Park status.

1921–1975

Issues regarding health within the Havasupai population reduced its growth to the point where almost an entire generation was lost due to infant and child mortality. Low morale spread throughout the tribe, leading to an increase in gambling, alcoholism, and violence. As the years progressed the Havasupai came to realize that they could not hope to survive in their American social situation without embracing at least some aspects of it. Breaking horses, working on farms, or even serving as employees of the Grand Canyon National Park were all options for tribe members.[4] The Havasupai fought to keep their methods and traditions alive, but the federal government and the National Park Service generally held a dismissive attitude toward these efforts and accelerated the pace of actions such as razing residents' traditional homes and replacing them with cabins.[5] As similar instances transpired throughout the years, the methods of the Park became clear: they wanted the final 518 acres (2.10 km2).[citation needed]

In this period the tribe continually fought with the government to have the land that had been taken returned to them. In 1968 the tribe won their Indian Claim Commission case against the United States.[6] The court findings stated that the Havasupai had portions of their land taken from them illegally in 1882 and that the tribe was entitled to recover the land from the US at fair market value (ICC 210). That value ended up being 55 cents an acre, totaling just over one million dollars. Although the case was a landmark for the Havasupai in the sense that it was proven in a court of law that the federal government had inappropriately taken their land, it had still not been properly returned to the tribe.[5]

However, the momentum that the Havasupai gained from the ICC case followed them into the 1970s as the tribe continued to fight to have the 251,000 acres (1,020 km2) beyond their official reservation returned to them. In 1974, garnering support from the Nixon administration as well as influential newspapers such as the Los Angeles Times, the Wall Street Journal, and the San Francisco Chronicle, the tribe made their push to have the congressional bill S. 1296, which would actually return their land, passed through Congress.[5] Months of deliberation and stalling on the part of some congressmen[citation needed] almost led to the demise of the bill, but days before Congress went on fall break the bill was finally passed by both Houses and made its way to the President’s desk. Similarly, the bill sat on President Gerald Ford’s desk until the final possible moments before it was signed and passed into law on January 4, 1975.[5] S. 1296 granted the Havasupai a trust title to 160,000 acres (650 km2), and the other 90,000 was chosen to be overseen by the National Park Service, but was available for use by the Havasupai.

Mining interests also had a presence in the canyon in this period. Tunnels are a familiar sight in the campground area with the deepest of them around 300 feet (91 m). The largest of the mines is in Carbonate Canyon, adjacent to Havasu Falls, where rails and timbers still can be found descending three levels. Lead was mined here for the last time during WWII. Ranger Gale Burack, who worked at Grand Canyon, wrote of her experiences in the miners camp where the campground now resides (Arizona Highways, September, 1984). Below Mooney Falls, the famous pipe "ladder" ascended to a vanadium deposit.

1976 – Present

Following the return of a large share of their land, the Havasupai as a tribe have once again begun to flourish. Although many of the day-to-day customs that existed prior to 1882 are not well established today, the Havasupai have continued to respect and preserve the traditions of their ancestors. As of today the tribe consists of 639 members, and around 200 others claim Havasupai heritage.

Presently the tribe has begun to take advantage of the beauty of its land by turning it into a tourist destination for visitors to the Grand Canyon. By paying a relatively large sum visitors are able to experience the wonders of the blue-green-waters and their surroundings. Tribe members often work as packers and/or workers for tourist ventures, or work at the lodge, tourist offices, the café, etc.[7]

Habitat

Agriculture

Prior to modern times agriculture was the essential means of progress and survival for the Havasupai. While in the winter the tribe members stationed themselves on the plateau of the canyon, in the summer irrigation gardening of the crop fields brought the members back inside the canyon walls.[3] As vast and uneven as the Grand Canyon is, it is somewhat of an anomaly that the Havasupai were able to agriculturally sustain and thrive in such a voluminous landscape. Because of a lack of available soil rich in nutrients, it has been suggested that the tribe cultivated only 200 acres (0.81 km2) of land on the canyon floor.[1] Although lacking space, the tribe’s irrigation technology was far more advanced than others in the Southwest which allowed them to be agriculturally intensive. However, being located at the bottom of a canyon left the fields vulnerable to flooding as a result of rain and the overflowing of Cataract Creek, as was the case in 1911 when almost an entire crop yield was destroyed.[4] In 1920 to combat the issue the federal government assisted the tribe in constructing a new irrigation system which was generally effective in ceasing soil erosion from water overflows.[1]

Historically the main crops for the Havasupai were corn, beans, squash, sunflowers, gourds, and some cotton. Corn, the tribe’s main crop, was generally harvested in the later summer months. While growing, a farming technique called cepukaka was used to protect the corn from being blown over when it got to a certain height. In this technique, a farmer loosened the soil around the corn and then pulled it into a hill around the stalk base.[1] Along with their traditional crops, the Havasupai were introduced to melons, watermelons, and orchard trees with the arrival of the Spanish. By the 1940s these crops had become staples of the Havasupai diet.[1]

Hunting

The bow and arrow were of primary importance to a Havasupai hunter. Built from an unidentifiable tree, an entire process of crafting, bending, and designing went into the construction of these hunting tools.[1] With westward expansion, however, came the introduction of the rifle; as years went by, the gun became the primary hunting device for men. The word for "arrow" began to stand in for "bullet" as well (Whiting, 1985).

Throughout the years, sheep and deer were the dominant game for the Havasupai, but small game including rabbits and squirrels were also used as food.[1] Historically, the Havasupai hunted in large groups, and the distribution of game amongst the hunters was generally fair. In the twentieth century, however, due to overhunting and neighboring development, the populations of large game animals such as sheep became sparse. As a result, the Havasupai were forced to alter their hunting habits to adjust to the expansionists, which in turn made tribesmen less likely to share with others.[1]

Gathering

The gathering of wild plants and seeds were typically done by Havasupai women. Two primary methods were used: 1) Knocking seeds from plants directly, and 2) The heads of plants were gathered before the seeds were ready to fall.[1] It was desirable for the women to locate lighter foods which could easily be moved to the plateau in winter. Additionally, dry foods that could be stored for extended periods of time to prevent spoilage were preferable.[1] Walnuts, wild candytuft, and barrel cacti were only a few of the many plants and seeds gathered by the women throughout the spring and summer months.[1]

Modern culture

Havasu Falls

Government

A seven-member tribal council, which handles most policy matters, is elected once every two years. It is led by a chairman who is elected from among the members of the council. The Tribe is governed by a seven member Tribal Council democratically elected by the people. The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) is the entity charged with law enforcement and protection for the Tribe, while the Indian Health Service clinic provides health care and emergency services.

Language

A young Havasupai girl, circa 1900

Havasupai is a dialect of the Upland Yuman language spoken by less than 600 people on the Havasupai Indian Reservation in and around the Grand Canyon. It is the only Native American language in the United States of America spoken by 100% of its indigenous population. The Havasupai variety is nearly identical to the variety of the Hualapai, although the two groups are socially and politically distinct (Kendall 1983:5) and are also written differently. The speakers of Havasupai and Hualapai consider their languages separate. It is a little more distantly related to the Yavapai language. Grammatical descriptions, vocabularies, and texts documenting Havasupai have been published (Mithun 1999:578).

Supai

The "Watchers" overlook Supai

Supai (Havasupai: Havasuuw) is the name of the Havasupai city located at 36°14′13″N 112°41′21″W / 36.23694°N 112.68917°W / 36.23694; -112.68917 at the bottom of the Grand Canyon. The town is the capital of the Havasupai Indian Reservation, at 36°09′40″N 112°36′48″W / 36.16111°N 112.61333°W / 36.16111; -112.61333 in Coconino County. It is home to around 500 of the tribe members and is one of the most remote cities in America, as it can only be accessed by taking the Old U.S. Route 66 and traveling about 60 miles (96 km) along BIA Road 18 to the trailhead. The city can be reached from the trailhead via a helicopter ride or an 8 mile (13 km) hike. The town has 136 houses, a café, a general store, a tourist office, a post office, a school, an LDS chapel, and a small Christian Church, among other buildings.

Tourism

Tourism is the main source of revenue for the Havasupai tribe. The town receives on average 12,000 visitors per year, and locals now restrict the number of reservations to cut down on overcrowding. The Tribe charges for entering its land, and also visitors are required to purchase a reservation if they plan on camping. The Tribe also offers a mule service to carry passengers, luggage, or both down to the campgrounds. There is also an outside contractor that offers helicopter rides which start at Hualapai Hilltop and end at the café. The Tribe receives a royalty for this service, and as part of the agreement the members get to ride at a reduced rate whenever they want and the contractor brings down much of the supplies for the town. The Tribe also offers a small lodge where visitors can rent rooms. Furthermore, the Tribe sells fast food from its diner, products from the general store, and other items such as T-shirts and pins.

Havasupai Trail

Havasupai Trail

The trailhead is located at Hualapai Hilltop, Arizona (which is located at the end of BIA Road 18), where there is a large parking lot, a heli-pad, portable toilets, and the main office for the Havasupai. The trail can be traveled by foot, by horseback, or on a mule service the Havasupai offer. The mule service can also be purchased for luggage/packs only, which allows an easier hike and the ability to bring down more luxuries. The trail starts out at the hilltop, where it switch-backs down the side of the canyon for about ¾ of a mile. This is by far the most difficult part of the trail, and is much more difficult on the way back up. The trail is approximately 8 miles (13 km) long to Supai, with an extra 2 miles (3.2 km) added on in order to reach the campgrounds, and descends some 3000 vertical feet (914 m).

Havasu Creek

The creek

Havasu Creek

Havasu Creek starts out above the canyon wall as a small trickle of snow run-off and rain water. This water meanders on the plains above the canyon for about 50 miles (80 km) until it enters Cataract (Havasu) Canyon. It then reaches Havasu Springs, where an underground river feeds the creek. This spring can be accessed by heading upstream when the creek is first encountered. The water stays at about 70 °F (21 °C) all year around. The creek is well-known for its blue-green color and distinctive travertine formations. This is due to large amounts of calcium carbonate (lime) in the water that formed the limestone that lines the creek and reflects its color so strongly. This also gives the creek an interesting feature as it is ever changing. This occurs because any items that fall into the stream mineralize very quickly, causing new formations and changing the flow of the water. This causes the creek to never look the same from one year to another. The creek runs through the village of Supai, and it ultimately flows into the Colorado River.

Navajo Falls

Navajo Falls dry

Until the August 2008 flooding, Navajo Falls was the first prominent waterfall in the canyon. They were named after an old Supai chief. It was located 1.25 miles (2 km) from Supai and is accessed from a trail located on the left side (right side when heading upstream) of the main trail. This side trail leads down to the creek, where there is a crude bridge that crosses over the creek. The trail then leads back into the trees, where the main pool and falls are located. The pool is popular for its seclusion and its ease to swimmers. The falls were approximately 70 feet (21 m) tall and consist of separate sets of water chutes, the main one located on the right side where the water cascades down the canyon hill. To the left of the main chute there are other smaller ones that are steeper and more vertical. There are a few places that are viable for cliff jumping, although extreme care and caution should always be taken.

In August 2008, Navajo Falls was completely destroyed by a flood. The New York Times said the following: "Within 12 hours, several surges of high water roared down the creek, destroying the campground, stranding a Boy Scout troop from New Jersey and setting off a massive mudslide that obliterated Navajo Falls, one of four spectacular canyon waterfalls that attract tourists from around the world".[8]

Havasu Falls

Havasu Falls

Havasu Falls (Havasupai: Havasuw Hagjahgeevma[9]) is the second waterfall in the canyon. It is located at 36°15′18″N 112°41′52″W / 36.255°N 112.69778°W / 36.255; -112.69778 (1 ½ miles from Supai) and is accessed from a trail on the right side (left side when heading upstream) of the main trail. The side trail leads across a small plateau and drops into the main pool. Havasu is arguably the most famous and most visited of all the falls. The falls consist of one main chute that drops over a 120-foot (37 m) vertical cliff (due to the high mineral content of the water, the falls are ever-changing and sometimes break into two separate chutes of water) into a large pool.

The falls are known for their natural pools, created by mineralization, although most of these pools were damaged and/or destroyed in the early 1990s by large floods that washed through the area. A small man-made dam was constructed to help restore the pools and to preserve what is left. There are many picnic tables on the opposite side of the creek and it is very easy to cross over by following the edges of the pools. It is possible to swim behind the falls and enter a small rock shelter behind it.

It is interesting to note that the falls were called "Bridal Veil Falls" before the flood of 1910 because they fell from the entire width of the now dry travertine cliffs north and south of the present falls.

Mooney Falls

Mooney Falls

Mooney Falls is the third main waterfall in the canyon. It is named after D. W. "James" Mooney, a miner, who in 1882 (according to his companions) decided to mine the area near Havasu Falls for minerals. The group then decided to try Mooney Falls. One of his companions was injured, so James Mooney decided to try and climb up the falls with his companion tied to his back, and subsequently fell to his death. The Falls are located 2.25 miles (3.6 km) from Supai, just past the campgrounds. The trail leads to the top of the falls, where there is a lookout/photograph area that overlooks the 210-foot (64 m) canyon wall that the waterfall cascades over. In order to gain access to the bottom of the falls and its pool, a very rugged and dangerous descent is required. Extreme care and discretion for the following portion is required; it is highly exposed and should not be attempted when the weather and/or conditions are not suitable.

The trail down is located on the left side (looking downstream), up against the canyon wall. The first half of the trail is only moderately difficult until the entrance of a small passageway/cave is reached. At this point the trail becomes very difficult and very precarious. The small passageway is large enough for the average human, and leads to a small opening in which another passageway is entered. At the end of the second passageway the trail becomes a semi-vertical rock climb. At this point it is advisable to turn your body around like you are descending a ladder. There are strategically placed chains, handholds, and ladders to aid in the climb. Take extreme caution and do not rush.

More than likely the rock will become slippery due to the mist from the falls, and there will probably be people heading up. Always let the person who is the most exposed to pass. The pool is the largest of the three, and along with the others there are some places for cliff-jumping (please use extreme caution). It is possible to swim to the left of the falls to the rock wall, and then shimmy your way across the rock (while staying in the water) to a small cave that is located just above the water line, approximately 15–20 feet (5 to 6 meters) away from the falls (only attempt if you are a strong swimmer). There is an island located in the middle, which breaks the pool into two streams.

Beaver Falls

Beaver Falls

Beaver Falls is arguably the fourth set of falls, although many claim that it is not a waterfall, but merely a set of small falls that are located close to each other. The falls are located approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) downstream of Supai, and are the most difficult to access. To reach the falls, follow the trail down to Mooney Falls. After descending the last ladder, look to the left (downstream) and there is a visible trail.

About 1/4 of a mile down, there is a small stream which feeds into the creek, over the side of the cliff, effectively creating a place to shower. Follow the trail off to the right towards the creek, then back towards Mooney Falls a bit and you'll find this mini-waterfall. Please do not use any soap (biodegradable or otherwise) so as not to pollute the creek. About 1/2 of a mile down, there is a nice rope-swing (take extreme caution).

The next 3–4 miles are remote and rugged, and require multiple crossings of the creek. The trail is tough to follow at some points, but all that is required is to head downstream. The trail will lead to a point where there appears to be no way to go, except for getting wet. But to the right, on the rock ledge, there is a rope hanging down (always test ropes you did not place before climbing them). Climb up this rope. It is a difficult climb of around 8 feet (2.4 m), but the rope is located above the water, so any fall will be lessened.

Follow the trail up and follow it downstream. There is a rock chute/slide located to your left; this is the difficult access to the falls. There is an easier access point if you hike to the point just before the trail turns north to continue down the canyon. Look for ducks here. River rafters have beaten a path to the ledges where they jump. Go on upstream, gradually working your way to the creek bed. Climb down to the creek and the falls are just upstream. These pools are small, but still offer good swimming. Like the previous three falls, there are many places to cliff-jump and there are many good sites to explore.

Beaver Falls was once much more impressive. It had a height of about fifty feet in one fall, right at the junction of Beaver Canyon and Havasu Canyon. The great flood of January 1910 destroyed it, leaving the falls over the limestone ledges as they are today. Rotted cottonwood logs near the aforementioned junction show how high the water rose during that flood.

Confluence

From Beaver Falls, the creek heads down to the Colorado River. There are multiple ways to reach the river, yet the best is to go back up the chute to the trail and follow that downstream. The 3-mile (5 km) hike is long, difficult, and rugged, and it is only advisable for experienced hikers. The creek ends at the confluence, where there are some camping areas. This spot is also popular for river rafters to stop and to head up the canyon.

Flooding

The first new waterfall.
The second new waterfall.

On the 18th August 2008 the Redlands dam on Havasu Creek burst after days of very heavy rain. The potential threat to human life by the floodwaters caused the local authorities to evacuate the village and US rescue crews airlifted some 450 stranded people to safety. In addition, Navajo Falls was destroyed in the flooding and new, yet-unnamed falls were formed.[10] According to the flood report made by the Western Regional Supai 2008 Flood Recovery Evaluation Team, Navajo Falls were bypassed by the flood and are now dry.[11]

Gallery

See also

Spiromoundsraccoon.gif Indigenous peoples of North America portal

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Whiting, A.F. Havasupai Habitat. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, 1985.
  2. ^ http://www.asu.edu/clas/grandcanyonhistory/history_nativecultures_havasupai.html (Accessed 23 October 2009)
  3. ^ a b c Bands of gardeners: Pai sociopolitical structure (discussion). American Indian Quarterly 23 (3): 159–74.
  4. ^ a b c d Man of the Canyon: An Old Indian Remembers His Life. Edited by Richard G. Emerick. Orno, Maine: Northern Lights, 1992.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hirst, Stephen. Havsuw ‘Baaja: People of the Blue Green Water. Tempe, Arizona: Walsh and Associates, 1985
  6. ^ THE HAVASUPAI TRIBE OF THE HAVASUPAI RESERVATION, ARIZONA, THE NAVAJO TRIBE OF INDIANS v. THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 20 Ind. Cl. Comm. 210 (1968)
  7. ^ Havasupai.com
  8. ^ Dougherty, John (2008-09-03). "New Interest in Warning System After Grand Canyon Flood". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/03/us/03flood.html. 
  9. ^ Hinton, Leanne (1984). A dictionary of the Havasupai language. 
  10. ^ http://indiancountrynews.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6669&Itemid=71
  11. ^ http://www.havasupai-nsn.gov/ExecutiveSummary.pdf
  • Kendall, Martha B. 1983. "Yuman languages". In Southwest, edited by Alfonso Ortiz, pp. 4–12. Handbook of North American Indians, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, Vol. 10. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
  • Mithun, Marianne. 1999. The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge University Press.
  • Braatz, Timothy. “The Question of Regional Bands and Subtribes among the Pre-Conquest Pai (Hualapai and Havasupai) Indians of Northwestern Arizona.” American Indian Quarterly 22(1) (1998): 19–30.
  • Dobyns, Henry F., and Robert C. Euler. 1999. “Bands of gardeners: Pai sociopolitical structure (discussion).” American Indian Quarterly 23 (3): 159–74.
  • Hanna, Mark. Man of the Canyon: An Old Indian Remembers His Life. Edited by Richard G. Emerick. Orno, Maine: Northern Lights, 1992.
  • Hirst, Stephen. Havsuw ‘Baaja: People of the Blue Green Water. Tempe, Arizona: Walsh and Associates, 1985.
  • THE HAVASUPAI TRIBE OF THE HAVASUPAI RESERVATION, ARIZONA, THE NAVAJO TRIBE OF INDIANS v. THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 20 Ind. Cl. Comm. 210 (1968). Havasupai Indians, edited by David Agee Horr, 343–356. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1974.
  • Whiting, A.F. Havasupai Habitat. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, 1985.

Further reading

  • "I Am the Grand Canyon: The Story of the Havasupai People" Hirst, Stephen, Arizona Press 2007
  • "A dictionary of the Havasupai language". Hinton, Leanne. Supai, Arizona 1984.
  • "Gwe gnaavja". Havasu Baaja / Havasupai Tribe, Bilingual Education Program. Supai, Arizona 1985.
  • "Havsuw gwaawj tñudg siitja". Havasupai Bilingual Education Program. Supai, Arizona 1970s(?).
  • "Baahj muhm hatm hwag gyu". Hinton, Leanne et al., prepared by the Havasupai Bilingual Education Program. Supai, Arizona 1978.
  • "Tim: Tñuda Hobaja". Hinton, Leanne et al., prepared by the Havasupai Bilingual Education Program (authors credited as "Viya Tñudv Leanne Hinton-j, Rena Crook-m, Edith Putesoy-m hmug-g yoovjgwi. Clark Jack-j"). Supai, Arizona 1978–1984.

External links

Coordinates: 36°12′10″N 112°42′11″W / 36.20278°N 112.70306°W / 36.20278; -112.70306


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужен реферат?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Havasupai — infobox ethnic group group =Havasu Baaja (Havasupai) caption =Havasu Falls poptime =About 600 (2004) popplace =Supai, AZ langs =Havasupai (Dialect of Upland Yuman), English rels =Indigenous, Christianity related c= Yavapai, HualapaiThe Havasu… …   Wikipedia

  • Havasupai — noun 1. a member of a North American Indian people of Cataract Canyon in Arizona • Hypernyms: ↑Hokan, ↑Hoka 2. the Yuman language spoken by the Havasupai • Hypernyms: ↑Yuman * * * ˌhävəˈsüˌpī noun (plural …   Useful english dictionary

  • Havasupai language — Havasupai is a dialect of the Upland Yuman, language spoken by less than 450 people on the Havasupai Indian Reservation at the bottom of the Grand Canyon. It is the only Native American language in the United States of America spoken by 100% of… …   Wikipedia

  • Yavapai people — Yavapai An early 20th century Yavapai basket bowl woven of willow and reed Total population …   Wikipedia

  • Cocopah people — Cocopah Total population 912 (1993)[1] Regions with significant populations …   Wikipedia

  • Хавасупай — Хавасупай …   Википедия

  • Cohonina — Regions with significant populations United States ( Arizona) …   Wikipedia

  • Southwest Indian — ▪ people Introduction  member of any of the Native American peoples inhabiting the southwestern United States; some scholars also include the peoples of northwestern Mexico in this culture area. More than 20 percent of Native Americans in the… …   Universalium

  • Yavapai — Heutige Indianerreservate im Südwesten der USA Die Yavapai, früher auch Apache Mohave oder Yavapai Apachen, sind ein Yavapai sprechender Indianerstamm und gehören sprachlich daher zur Untergruppe des Upland Yuma der Hoka Sprachfamilie und leben… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Grand Canyon — This article is about the canyon in the southwestern United States. For other Grand Canyons, see Grand Canyon (disambiguation). Grand Canyon …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”