List of the most distant astronomical objects

List of the most distant astronomical objects

This article documents the farthest known astronomical objects, and the time periods in which they were so classified.

Contents

List of most distant objects by type

Most distant object by type
Type Object Distance Notes
Any astronomical object, no matter what type UDFj-39546284 z=~10.3 [1]
Galaxy or protogalaxy UDFj-39546284 z=~10.3 [2]
See also: List of galaxies
Galaxy cluster or protocluster
See also: List of galaxy clusters
Galaxy supercluster
See also: List of superclusters
Galaxy hypercluster
(Wall, Sheet, Filament of galaxies)
Quasar ULAS J1120+0641 z=7.085 [3]
See also: List of quasars
Black hole ULAS J1120+0641 z=7.085 [3]
Star or protostar or post-stellar corpse Progenitor of GRB 090429B z=~9.4 [4]
Star cluster
Nebula Remnant of GRB 090429B z=~9.4 [4]
Most distant event by type
Type Event Distance Notes
Gamma-ray burst GRB 090429B z=~9.4 [4]
Supernova SN 19941 z=2.357 [5][6]
Cosmic Decoupling Cosmic Background Radiation creation z~1000 [7]

Most distant astronomical object recordholders

Objects in this list were found to be the most distant known object at the time of determination of their distance. This is frequently not the same as the date of their discovery.

Distances to astronomical objects may be determined through parallax measurements, use of standard references such as cepheid variables or Type Ia supernovas, or redshift measurement. Spectroscopic redshift measurement is preferred, while photometric redshift measurement is also used. The unit z represents redshift.

Most Distant Object Titleholders
Object Type Date Distance Notes
UDFj-39546284 Galaxy 2011 — z=~10.3 Announced January 26, 2011 also based on studies of images captured earlier in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field survey. (Not spectroscopically confirmed)[1]
UDFy-38135539 Galaxy 2010 − 2011 z=8.55 Announced October 20, 2010 based on studies of images captured earlier in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field survey.[8][9]
Progenitor of GRB 090423 / Remnant of GRB 090423 Gamma-ray burst progenitor / Gamma-ray burst remnant 2009 − 2010 z=8.2 [9][10]
IOK-1 Galaxy 2006 − 2009 z=6.96 [9][10][11][12][13]
SDF J132522.3+273520 Galaxy 2005 − 2006 z=6.597 [13][14]
SDF J132418.3+271455 Galaxy 2003 − 2005 z=6.578 [14][15][16][17]
HCM-6A Galaxy 2002 − 2003 z=6.56 The galaxy is lensed by galaxy cluster Abell 370. This was the first non-quasar galaxy found to exceed redshift 6. It exceeded the redshift of quasar SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 of z=6.28[15][16][18][19][20][21]
SDSS J1030+0524
(SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0)		 Quasar 2001 − 2002 z=6.28 [22][23][24][25][26][27]
SDSS 1044-0125
(SDSSp J104433.04-012502.2)		 Quasar 2000 − 2001 z=5.82 [28][29][26][27][30][31][32]
SSA22-HCM1 Galaxy 1999 − 2000 z=5.74 [33][34]
HDF 4-473.0 Galaxy 1998 − 1999 z=5.60 [34]
RD1 (0140+326 RD1) Galaxy 1998 z=5.34 [35][36][37][34][38]
CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G2 Galaxies 1997 − 1998 z=4.92 These were the remotest objects known at the time of discovery. The pair of galaxies were found lensed by galaxy cluster CL1358+62 (z=0.33). This was the first time since 1964 that something other than a quasar held the record for being the most distant object in the universe.[36][39][40][37][34][41]
PC 1247-3406 Quasar 1991 − 1997 z=4.897 [28][42][43][44][45]
PC 1158+4635 Quasar 1989 − 1991 z=4.73 [28][45][46][47][48][49]
Q0051-279 Quasar 1987 − 1989 z=4.43 [50][46][49][51][52][53]
Q0000-26
(QSO B0000-26)		 Quasar 1987 z=4.11 [50][46][54]
PC 0910+5625
(QSO B0910+5625)		 Quasar 1987 z=4.04 This was the second quasar discovered with a redshift over 4.[28][55][46][56]
Q0046–293
(QSO J0048-2903)		 Quasar 1987 z=4.01 [50][46][55][57][58]
Q1208+1011
(QSO B1208+1011)		 Quasar 1986 − 1987 z=3.80 This is a gravitationally-lensed double-image quasar, and at the time of discovery to 1991, had the least angular separation between images, 0.45 ″.[55][59][60]
PKS 2000-330
(QSO J2003-3251, Q2000-330)		 Quasar 1982 − 1986 z=3.78 [55][61][62][63]
OQ172
(QSO B1442+101)		 Quasar 1974 − 1982 z=3.53 [64][65][66]
OH471
(QSO B0642+449)		 Quasar 1973 − 1974 z=3.408 Nickname was "the blaze marking the edge of the universe".[64][66][67][68][69]
4C 05.34 Quasar 1970 − 1973 z=2.877 Its redshift was so much greater than the previous record that it was believed to be erroneous, or spurious.[63][66][70][71][72]
5C 02.56
(7C 105517.75+495540.95)		 Quasar 1968 − 1970 z=2.399 [41][72][73]
4C 25.05
(4C 25.5)		 Quasar 1968 z=2.358 [41][72][74]
PKS 0237-23
(QSO B0237-2321)		 Quasar 1967 − 1968 z=2.225 [63][74][75][76][77]
4C 12.39
(Q1116+12, PKS 1116+12)		 Quasar 1966 − 1967 z=2.1291 [41][77][78][79]
4C 01.02
(Q0106+01, PKS 0106+1)		 Quasar 1965 − 1966 z=2.0990 [41][77][78][80]
3C 9 Quasar 1965 z=2.018 [77][81][82][83][84][85]
3C 147 Quasar 1964 − 1965 z=0.545 [86][87][88][89]
3C 295 Radio galaxy 1960 − 1964 z=0.461 [34][41][90][91][92]
LEDA 25177 (MCG+01-23-008) Brightest cluster galaxy 1951 − 1960 z=0.2
(V=61000 km/s)		 This galaxy lies in the Hydra Supercluster. It is located at B1950.0 08h 55m 4s +03° 21′ and is the BCG of the fainter Hydra Cluster Cl 0855+0321 (ACO 732).[34][92][93][94][95][96][97]
LEDA 51975 (MCG+05-34-069) Brightest cluster galaxy 1936 - z=0.13
(V=39000 km/s)		 The brightest cluster galaxy of the Bootes cluster (ACO 1930), an elliptical galaxy at B1950.0 14h 30m 6s +31° 46′ apparent magnitude 17.8, was found by Milton L. Humason in 1936 to have a 40,000 km/s recessional redshift velocity.[96][98][99]
LEDA 20221 (MCG+06-16-021) Brightest cluster galaxy 1932 - z=0.075
(V=23000 km/s)		 This is the BCG of the Gemini Cluster (ACO 568) and was located at B1950.0 07h 05m 0s +35° 04′[98][100]
BCG of WMH Christie's Leo Cluster Brightest cluster galaxy 1931 − 1932 z=
(V=19700 km/s)		 [100][101][102][103]
BCG of Baede's Ursa Major Cluster Brightest cluster galaxy 1930 − 1931 z=
(V=11700 km/s)		 [103][104]
NGC 4860 Galaxy 1929 − 1930 z=0.026
(V=7800 km/s)		 [104][105][106]
NGC 7619 Galaxy 1929 z=0.012
(V=3779 km/s)		 Using redshift measurements, NGC 7619 was the highest at the time of measurement. At the time of announcement, it was not yet accepted as a general guide to distance, however, later in the year, Edwin Hubble described redshift in relation to distance, which became accepted widely as an inferred distance.[105][107][108]
NGC 584
(Dreyer nebula 584)		 Galaxy 1921 − 1929 z=0.006
(V=1800 km/s)		 At the time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. However, in 1923, galaxies were generally recognized as external to the Milky Way.[96][105][107][109][110][111][112]
M104 (NGC 4594) Galaxy 1913 − 1921 z=0.004
(V=1180 km/s)		 This was the second galaxy whose redshift was determined; the first being Andromeda - which is approaching us and thus cannot have its redshift used to infer distance. Both were measured by Vesto Melvin Slipher. At this time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. NGC 4594 was measured originally as 1000 km/s, then refined to 1100, and then to 1180 in 1916.[105][109][112]
Arcturus
(Alpha Bootis)		 Star 1891 − 1910 160 ly
(18 mas)
(this is very inaccurate)		 This number is wrong; originally announced in 1891, the figure was corrected in 1910 to 40 ly (60 mas). From 1891 to 1910, it had been thought this was the star with the smallest known parallax, hence the most distant star whose distance was known. Prior to 1891, Arcturus had previously been recorded of having a parallax of 127 mas.[113][114][115][116]
Capella
(Alpha Aurigae)		 Star 1849 -  72 ly
(46 mas)		 [117][118][119]
Polaris
(Alpha Ursae Minoris)		 Star 1847 - 1849 50 ly
(80 mas)
(this is very inaccurate)		 [120][121]
Vega
(Alpha Lyrae)		 Star (part of a double star pair) 1839 - 1847 7.77 pc
(125 mas)		 [120]
61 Cygni Binary star 1838 − 1839 3.48 pc
(313.6 mas)		 This was the first star other than the Sun to have its distance measured.[120][122][123]
Uranus Planet of the Solar System 1781 − 1838 18 AU This was the last planet discovered before the first successful measurement of stellar parallax. It had been determined that the stars were much farther away than the planets.
Saturn Planet of the Solar System 1619 − 1781 10 AU From Kepler's Third Law, it was finally determined that Saturn is indeed the outermost of the classical planets, and its distance derived. It had only previously been conjectured to be the outermost, due to it having the longest orbital period, and slowest orbital motion. It had been determined that the stars were much farther away than the planets.
Mars Planet of the Solar System 1609 − 1619 2.6 AU when Mars is diametrically opposed to Earth Kepler correctly characterized Mars and Earth's orbits in the publication Astronomia nova. It had been conjectured that the fixed stars were much farther away than the planets.
Sun Star 3rd century BCE — 1609 1 AU (An AU is the measurement of the average distance between the Sun and the Earth Aristarchus of Samos made a measurement of the distance of the Sun from the Earth in relation to the distance of the Moon from the Earth. The distance to the Moon was described in Earth radii (20, also inaccurate). The diameter of the Earth had been calculated previously. At the time, it was assumed that some of the planets were further away, but their distances could not be measured. The order of the planets was conjecture until Kepler determined the distances of the four true planets from the Sun that were not Earth. It had been conjectured that the fixed stars were much farther away than the planets.
  • z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion
  • mas represents parallax, a measure of angle and distance can be determined through trigonometry

List of most distant objects by year of object discovery

This list contains a list of most distant objects by year of discovery of the object, not the determination of its distance. Objects may have been discovered without distance determination, and were found subsequently to be the most distant known at that time.

Farthest known astronomical objects per year of record
Year of record Distance (Mly) Object Type Detected using First record by (1)
964 2.5 [124] Andromeda Galaxy Spiral galaxy naked eye Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi[125]
1654 3 Triangulum Galaxy Spiral galaxy refracting telescope Giovanni Battista Hodierna[126]
1779 68[127] Messier 58 Barred spiral galaxy refracting telescope Charles Messier[128]
1880s 206 ± 29[129] NGC 1 Spiral galaxy Dreyer, Herschel
1959 2,400 [130] 3C 273 Quasar Parkes Radio Telescope Maarten Schmidt, Bev Oke[131]
1960 5,000 [132] 3C 295 Radio galaxy Palomar Observatory Rudolph Minkowski
2009 13,000 [133] GRB 090423 Gamma-ray burst progenitor Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission Krimm, H. et al.[134]
(1): Object must have been named or described. Objects like OJ 287 are ignored, because though they were detected as early as 1891 using photographic plates, they were ignored until the advent of radiotelescopes.

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