Nakajima Kikka

Kikka
Role	Interceptor Ground Attack Anti-ship, including Kamikaze
Manufacturer	Nakajima
First flight	7 August 1945
Retired	15 August 1945
Status	Prototype
Primary user	Imperial Japanese Navy
Number built	2

The Nakajima Kikka (中島 橘花, "Orange Blossom"^?) was Japan's first jet-powered aircraft. It was developed late in World War II and the first prototype had only flown once before the end of the conflict. It also called Kōkoku Nigō Heiki (皇国二号兵器, "Imperial Weapon No.2"^?).

Design and development

After the Japanese military attaché in Germany witnessed trials of the Messerschmitt Me 262 in 1944, the Imperial Japanese Navy issued a request to Nakajima to develop a similar aircraft to be used as a fast attack bomber. Among the specifications for the design were the requirements that it should be able to be built largely by unskilled labor, and that the wings should be foldable. This latter feature was to enable the aircraft to be hidden in caves and tunnels around Japan as the Navy began to prepare for the defense of the home islands. Nakajima designers Kazuo Ohno and Kenichi Matsumura laid out an aircraft that bore a strong but superficial resemblance to the Me 262.

The Kikka (often identified as the Nakajima J9Y, which according to a curator at the National Air and Space Museum is incorrect) was designed in preliminary form to use the Tsu-11, a very crude thermojet style of jet engine that was little more than a ducted fan with an afterburner. Subsequent designs were planned around the Ne-10 (TR-10) centrifugal-flow turbojet, and the Ne-12, which added a four-stage axial compressor to the front of the Ne-10. Tests of this powerplant soon revealed that it would not produce anywhere near the power required to propel the aircraft, and the project was temporarily stalled. It was then decided to produce a new axial flow turbojet based on the German BMW 003.

Development of the engine was troublesome, based on little more than photographs and a cut-away drawing; but a suitable unit, the Ishikawajima Ne-20, was finally built. By summer 1945, the Kikka project was making progress once again and at this stage, reflecting the deteriorating war situation, it is possible that the Navy considered employing the Kikka as a kamikaze weapon although the prospect was questionable due to the high cost and complexity associated with contemporary turbojet engines. As well, other more economical projects meant specifically for the role such as the simple Nakajima Tōka (designed to absorb Japanese stock of obsolete engines), the pulsejet-powered Kawanishi Baika, and the infamous Yokosuka Ohka, were either underway or already in mass production.

Compared to the Me 262, the Kikka airframe was noticeably smaller and more conventional in design, with straight (rather than swept) wings and tail surfaces. The triangular fuselage cross section characteristic of the German design was less pronounced, due to smaller fuel tanks. The main landing gear of the Kikka were taken from the A6M Zero and the nose wheel from the tail of a Yokosuka P1Y bomber.

Operational history

The Nakajima Kikka, equipped with RATO rockets for lift off.

The first prototype commenced ground tests at the Nakajima factory on 30 June 1945. The following month it was dismantled and delivered to Kisarazu Naval Airfield where it was re-assembled and prepared for flight testing. The first flight took place on 7 August 1945, with Lieutenant Commander Susumu Takaoka at the controls. The aircraft performed well during a 20-minute test flight, with the only concern being the length of the takeoff run. For the second test flight, four days later, rocket assisted take off (RATO) units were fitted to the aircraft. Because their alignment had been miscalculated, however, the pilot mistakenly believed that they had not fired and thus shut off the main engines to abort takeoff. As a result the aircraft did not take off at all and was damaged when it ran off the end of the runway. Before it could be repaired Japan had surrendered and the war was over.

At this point, the second prototype was close to completion, and between 18 and 25 more airframes were under construction. One of these was a two-seat trainer. Other follow-on versions proposed had included a reconnaissance aircraft, and a fighter armed with two 30 mm Type 5 cannons with 50 rounds per gun. These were expected to be powered by more advanced developments of the Ne-20, known as Ne-20-Kai or Ne-120, which were planned to have approximately 20% to 30% better thrust than the Ne-20.

Postwar

A Kikka stationed at the Patuxent River Naval Air Base, Maryland, 1946

After the war, a Kikka was taken to the United States, for analysis, to the Patuxent River Naval Air Base, Maryland. It is now housed in the National Air and Space Museum. This aircraft is very incomplete and is believed to have been patched together from a variety of semi-completed airframes.

Two Ne-20 jet engines had been taken to the US and sent for analysis to the Chrysler Corporation in 1946. This was only revealed in 2005 by W.I. Chapman, who was in charge of the project at the time. A working engine was assembled with the parts of the two Ne-20s, and extensively tested for 11 hours and 46 minutes. A report was issued on 7 April 1947, titled "Japanese NE-20 turbo jet engine. Construction and performance". The document is now on display at the Tokyo National Science Museum.

Variants

Nakajima Aircraft Company developed some variants of the aircraft:

There was also a modified version of the design to be launched from a 200 m long catapult, the "Nakajima Kikka-kai Prototype Turbojet Special Attacker". This differed in having a projected total weight of 4,080 kg and a maximum speed of 687 km/h at 6,000 m.

Operators

 Japan

• Imperial Japanese Navy (Planned)

Specifications

Ne-20 engine taken from the second Kikka prototype on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia.

General characteristics

• Crew: 1
• Length: 8.13 m (26 ft 8 in)
• Wingspan: 10.00 m (32 ft 10 in)
• Height: 2.95 m (9' 9")
• Wing area: 13.2 m² (142ft²)
• Empty weight: 2,300 kg (5,071 lb)
• Loaded weight: 3,507 kg (7,716 lb)
• Max takeoff weight: 4,088 kg (8,995 lb)
• Powerplant: 2 × Ishikawajima Ne-20 turbojets, 4.66 kN (475 kgf) each

Performance

• Maximum speed: 695 km/h (433 mph)
• Range: 937 km (586 mi)
• Service ceiling: 12,303 m (39,370 ft)
• Rate of climb: 387 m/min (1,237 ft/min)

Armament

• Guns: 4 × 20 mm Ho-5 cannon
• Bombs: 1 × 250 kg (551 lb), 500 kg (1,102 lb), or 1,000 kg (2,205 lb) bombs

See also

Related development

• Nakajima Ki-201
  

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

• Bell P-59 Airacomet
• Gloster E.28/39
• Gloster Meteor
• Heinkel He 280
• Messerschmitt Me 262
• Sukhoi Su-9
  

Related lists

• List of jet aircraft of World War II
  

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Famous Aircraft of the World no.76: Japanese Army Experimental Fighters (1). Tokyo: Bunrin-Do, August 1976.
• Francillon, René J. Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 1979, First edition 1970. ISBN 0-370-30251-6.
• Ishizawa, Kazuhiko. KIKKA: The Technological Verification of the First Japanese Jet Engine Ne 20. Tokyo: Miki Press, 2006. ISBN 4-89522-468-6.
• Mikesh, Robert C. Kikka, Monogram Close-Up 19. Bolyston, Massachusetts: Monogram Aviation Publications, 1979. ISBN 0-914144-19-7.
• Yamashita, Takeo, ed.「秋水」と日本陸海軍ジェット、ロケット機. Tokyo: Model Art Co. Ltd., 1998.
• 別冊航空情報編集部. 航空秘話復刻版シリーズ (2): 知られざる軍用機開発(下). Tokyo: Kantosha, 1999. ISBN 4-87357-051-4.
• 歴史群像編集部. [歴史群像] 太平洋戦史シリーズ Vol.56: 大戦末期 航空決戦兵器, 橘花、火龍、秋水、キ74……幻のつばさ(2). Tokyo: Gakken, 2006. ISBN 4-05-604536-4.

External links

• The Nakajima Kikka entry at the Hikoki: 1946 website
• Smithsonian NASM page on their Nakajima Kikka
• Nakajima Kikka - Minijets.org