- Naphtha launch
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An Escher Wyss launch of 1888
A naphtha launch, sometimes called a "vapor launch", was a small motor launch, powered by a naphtha engine. They were a particularly American design, brought into being by a local law that made it impractical to use a steam launch for private use.
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Naphtha launches
By the 1880s, the small steam engine was well established as a power unit for small steam launches, as well as for large boats. However US law, prompted by some past boiler explosions, required that all steam boats carry a licensed engineer at all times. Although this was no difficulty for a commercial craft, it prevented small steam launches being used for personal, recreational use. Becoming such an engineer required an apprenticeship of two years beforehand. One of the few amateurs to achieve this and to become their own engineer was Rosamund Burgess, wife of boat designer Starling Burgess.[1]
A more popular alternative was the naphtha launch, and its alternative power source to the steam engine.[2] Advertisements of the period used the deliberate phrase, "Every Man His own Engineer!"[3] to highlight this legal restriction.
Origins
The first naphtha launch appears to have been British, reported in the French journal Nature in 1888.[4] This launch, Zephyr, was the invention of Alfred Yarrow, a well-known builder of steam launches for some years previously. Similar launches were produced in the same year by the Swiss company Escher Wyss AG.[5] One of these was Alfred Nobel's graceful aluminium-hulled sloop Mignon, of 1892. Another, also of aluminium, was the Aluminia of 1894.
AluminiaThe first American naphtha launches recorded were those of the Ofeldt company of New York, who would later become well known as makers of naphtha engines.[5] They described this as the 'Essh' system, and may have been licensees of the Escher Wyss patents. As well as Ofeldt, complete launches were also offerd by the Gas Engine and Power Co. of New York. By 1890 they claimed to have sold over 500.[6]
Typical launches
The typical naphtha launch was an open launch of around 24' length. These were pleasure craft for use on fine weather excursions.[7][8] After all, a commercial boat with a professional crew would not have the regulatory problem that led to their invention. Naphtha launches appeared in the finest circles, in the best yacht clubs[9] and under the ownership of some celebrated names.[10]
Surviving examples
Few examples survive today. Some sources claim one,[11] others four.[12]
- "Naphtha Launch ‘Frieda’". Minnesota Lakes Maritime Museum. http://www.mnlakesmaritime.org/museum.cfm. "This sleek 22’ long craft is believed to be one of only four in existence."
- "Antique Boat Museum, NY". http://www.abm.org/launch-bldg.asp. "Museum collection, with what's believed to be the last surviving naptha launch"
Naphtha engine
Naptha engines in a range of sizesThe naphtha engine is an external combustion engine, generally similar to the type of small steam engine already in use for steam launches. The working fluid is naphtha, which unusually is also used as a liquid fuel to power the boiler. Appearance is similar to a steam launch, having a small vertical boiler and vertical cylinders.
The burner for a naphtha engine uses naphtha itself, and is similar to that used for steam cars. Although such convenient and self-regulating liquid fuel burners were also used on steam launches, most launches at the time of the naphtha engine's heyday were still using solid fuel.
- General arrangement
To avoid problems of premature condensation, the engine and boiler units were mounted together. Engines were three-cylinder single-acting vertical simple expansion engines, with 120° crankshaft spacing, so as to be self-starting without dead centre problems.[note 1]
- Boiler
The boilers were of spiral monotube form. These were single-pass water-tube(sic) steam generators, where liquid at one end of the tube boiled by the time it reached the end, without any looped circulation. Such boilers, although with conventional water and steam, were also used for steam cars such as the White. The boiler was mounted directly atop the engine, and encased in a polished brass or copper casing with a short funnel above. The purpose of the funnel was merely to vent fumes above the heads of passengers, rather than to act as a draught to draw the fire.
- Burner
Unlike coal or wood, the jet burners used did not require additional draught.[note 2] The boiler was fired with a pressure jet burner, a small quantity of pressurised naptha being tapped off from the boiler.[5] A prominent tube and funnel on the front of the boiler casing (sometimes mistaken for a whistle) is the air inlet. The fuel jet mixes with the downwards air flow in this vertical tube, then the mixed air and fuel is fed to a ring-shaped burner inside the boiler casing. For starting, a hand air pump was used to pressurise the fuel tank and encourage fuel flow, together with pre-heating of the burner coil by lighting a little of the fuel in a tray below it.[5]
There was no throttle valve or regulator to control the engine speed. As was commonly used on single-pass spiral monotube boilers, the burner output was regulated instead with the fuel valve and the boiler responded quickly enough for this to be sufficient.[13]
- Engine
Lubrication of the engine was performed by the fuel itself, collected in an sealed wet sump arrangement beneath the crankcase. The naphtha fuel[note 3] was an acceptable lubricant and this avoided the problem of separating lubricating oil from condensed fuel vapour leaking past the piston ring seals. It did however require careful sealing of the crankcase.[5]
The engine valvegear was simple, compared to that of contemporary steam engines. A single rotating overhead camshaft ran above the cylinders, parallel to the crankshaft. Eccentrics on this shaft actuated a transverse slide valve for each cylinder. The valve camshaft was driven at engine speed[note 4] by gears from the crankshaft. A prominent handwheel on the camshaft allowed the engine to be reversed, in a similar manner to slip-eccentric valvegear by shifting the phase of the camshaft relative to the crankshaft.[5]
- Condensers
External water-cooled condensers were used, simple pipes run under the hull, along the length of the keel.[5] Despite the obvious risks of damage from grounding, these seem to have given little trouble in service. The fuel tank was in the fo'csle of the boat, well away from the engine and risk of fire. This fuel tank was pressurised by the returning naptha, avoiding the need for a fuel pump.
- Low boiling point
One of the attractive features that first led inventors to consider naptha as a working fluid was its low boiling point, compared to water. This allows a relatively simple engine to be constructed, although it actually represents a limitation on the efficiency of such an engine. At the time, thermodynamics was already an advanced science and the limitations of thermodynamic cycles were well understood by physicists, if not by all engineers. By limiting the range of temperatures between which the engine worked, this actually reduces the potential efficiency of the engine, rather than increasing it.[14]
An earlier use of low boiling point fluids had been Du Tremblay's ether engine of the 1850s.[14] This was used for a bottoming cycle as an addition to a steam engine. Waste heat rejected through the condenser of the steam engine was used to boil ether and drive a second cylinder.
Other variants
- Frank W. Ofeldt
Frank W. Ofeldt also designed the Alco Vapor engine, sold by the Alco Vapor Launch Co.[6] This burned kerosene and used alcohol (probably 'wood alcohol' or methanol) as a working fluid. This may have been a measure to avoid the Escher Wyss patents.
Later Ofeldt also designed a more conventional steam-generating water-tube steam boiler. This was similar to the "Lune Valley" pattern, a central drum surrounded by coiled water tubes, but with irregular wedge-shaped coils rather than a simple circle.[15]
- 'Simplex' engine
The "Simplex Naptha engine" built by Chas. Willard of Chicago was more akin to an internal combustion gas engine with timed spark ignition.[16] It is outside the scope of this article.
Hazards and explosions
Despite the obvious hazards and occasional reports of fires,[17] the naptha launch appears to have worked reasonably well and safely.
Models
The naphtha engine is not well known amongst model engineers, but at least one detailed reproduction has been constructed.[18]
In popular culture
In the 1921 novel of the popular "Tom Swift" series, "Tom Swift Among the Fire Fighters",[19] the hero escapes on a naptha launch, describing it as "old-fashioned". The author also passes comment as to them being "a trifle treacherous" to light.[19]
References
- ^ Other configurations would have been possible, but none are known at this time.
- ^ This short chimney, compared to that of a steam launch, is an identification feature for naphtha launches in old photographs.
- ^ The fuel of this period was closer to modern paraffin or kerosene than what we would know today as gasoline or petrol.
- ^ The camshaft operated at engine crankshaft speed, like a steam engine or two-stroke engine, but unlike the camshaft of a four-stroke engine that runs at half crankshaft speed.
- ^ Barry, James P. (2003). American Powerboats: The Great Lakes Golden Years. Classic Motorbooks. pp. 10–13. ISBN 0-7603-1466-7. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=m0hOchN05zIC.
- ^ Durant, Kenneth (1976). The Naptha Launch.
- ^ "Minnesota Lakes Maritime Museum". Minnesota Lakes Maritime Museum. http://www.mnlakesmaritime.org/mlmm_brochure.pdf.
- ^ Nature. 21 July 1888., reported in DSelf, Naptha
- ^ a b c d e f g "Powered by Boiling Petrol.". Museum of Retro Technology. http://douglas-self.com/MUSEUM/POWER/petrol/petrol.htm.
- ^ a b "oldmarineengine". Old marine engine. http://www.oldmarineengine.com/discus/messages/4/1152.html.
- ^ H.C. Barley (May 1899). "First Naptha launch on Lake Bennett" (photograph). Yukon Archives Images Database. http://www.tc.gov.yk.ca/digitization/public/search_detail.php?imageId=51318.
- ^ "Fantail Excursion. 1996 advertising poster re-creates a turn-of-the-century scene.". New England Antique & Classic Boat Society. 1996. http://www.necacbs.org/images/WeirsPoster96.jpg. "A properly dressed couple seated in their wicker deck chairs head out into the bay in an 1890's naptha-powered fantail launch."
- ^ "Naptha Launch Getty, built by Julius Peterson 1902. Kipp Engine built in Ossining.". http://www.shattemucyc.org/history%20pages/Second%20level%20-%20brief%20history/Article%207%20-SYC.htm. "Yacht Club Notes --J Morris Vail has bought a brand new naptha launch named “Getty” from Julius Peterson of Tarrytown. Its length over all is 28 feet, beam 6 feet, 2 inches, and the engine is a Kipp seven-horse power two cycle. The boat has a torpedo-boat stern and standing top. The new arrival looks as though it would be a smart one and will be a fine addition to the fleet."
- ^ "Court report of Forrest v. William K. Vanderbilt, Jr., a dispute over the ownership of a naptha launch, alleged to be tender to the yacht 'Carmita'". April 1900. http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F1/0107/001/00000748.txt.
- ^ Antique Boat Museum
- ^ Minnesota Lakes Maritime Museum
- ^ J A Crabtree (1970). "The Automatic Control of Small Boilers". Transactions of the Newcomen Society 43: 93–112.
- ^ a b "Ether Engines". Museum of Retro Technology. http://douglas-self.com/MUSEUM/POWER/ether/ether.htm.
- ^ Albert, Schleswig-Holstein (30 April 2006). [http://mindeern-boiler.blogspot.com/2006_04_01_archive.html "Ofeldt steam boiler"]. http://mindeern-boiler.blogspot.com/2006_04_01_archive.html.
- ^ Hawkins, N. (1897). Simplex Naptha Engine. New York: Theo Audel. pp. 308–309.
- ^ "NAPHTHA LAUNCH ABLAZE.; Menaces Yachts at the Rendezvous of the New York Yacht Club.". New York Times. July 26, 1904. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C06EFDC1230E132A25755C2A9619C946597D6CF.
- ^ "A model Naphtha Launch Engine, from the 1887 Patent Drawings of Frank W. Ofeldt". http://modelengines.info/naphtha/Main/.
- ^ a b Victor Appleton (sic. the series was ghost written by a variety of writers) (1921). Tom Swift Among the Fire Fighters. "...he turned on the naphtha, and threw in a blazing match to ignite it, this act saving his hand. Naphtha engines are a trifle treacherous."
Categories:- Boat types
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