National Policy on Education

The National Policy on Education (NEP) is a policy formulated by the Government of India to promote education amongst India's people. The policy covers elementary education to colleges in both rural and urban India. The first NEP was promulgated in 1968 by the government of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, and the second by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1986.

History

Main article: Education in India

Since the nation's independence in 1947, the Indian government sponsored a variety of programmes to address the problems of illiteracy in both rural and urban India. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, India's first Minister of Education, envisaged strong central government control over education throughout the country, with a uniform educational system. The Union government established the University Education Commission (1948–1949) and the Secondary Education Commission (1952–1953) to develop proposals to modernise India's education system. The Resolution on Scientific Policy was adopted by the government of Jawaharlal Nehru, India's first Prime Minister. The Nehru government sponsored the development of high-quality scientific education institutions such as the Indian Institutes of Technology. In 1961, the Union government formed the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) as an autonomous organisation that would advise both the Union and state governments on formulating and implementing education policies.^[1]

1968

Based on the report and recommendations of the Education Commission (1964–1966), the government of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi announced the first National Policy on Education in 1968, which called for a "radical restructuring" and equalise educational opportunities in order to achieve national integration and greater cultural and economic development.^[2] The policy called for fulfilling compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14, as stipulated by the Constitution of India, and the better training and qualification of teachers.^[2] The policy called for focus on learning of regional languages, outlining the "three language formula" to be implemented in secondary education - the instruction of the English language, the official language of the state where the school was based, and Hindi, the national language.^[2] Language education was seen as essential to reduce the gulf between the intelligentsia and the masses. Although the decision to adopt Hindi as the national language had proven controversial, the policy called for use and learning of Hindi to be encouraged uniformly to promote a common language for all Indians.^[2] The policy also encouraged the teaching of the ancient Sanskrit language, which was considered an essential part of India's culture and heritage. The NPE of 1968 called for education spending to increase to six percent of the national income.^[2]

1986

Having announced that a new policy was in development in January, 1985, the government of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi introduced a new National Policy on Education in May, 1986.^[3] The new policy called for "special emphasis on the removal of disparities and to equalise educational opportunity," especially for Indian women, Scheduled Tribes (ST) and the Scheduled Caste (SC) communities.^[3] To achieve these, the policy called for expanding scholarships, adult education, recruiting more teachers from the SCs, incentives for poor families to send their children to school regularly, development of new institutions and providing housing and services.^[3] The NPE called for a "child-centred approach" in primary education, and launched "Operation Blackboard" to improve primary schools nationwide.^[4] The policy expanded the open university system with the Indira Gandhi National Open University, which had been created in 1985.^[4] The policy also called for the creation of the "rural university" model, based on the philosophy of Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi, to promote economic and social development at the grassroots level in rural India robin.^[4]

Recent developments

The 1986 National Policy on Education was modified in 1992 by the [[P.V. Narasimha Rao] government.^[5] In 2005, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh adopted a new policy based on the "Common Minimum Programme" of his United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government.

References

1. ^ (PDF). National Council of Educational Research and Training. http://www.ncert.nic.in/html/pdf/FinalNCERT_ProfileBrochures.pdf. Retrieved 2009-07-12. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} . National Informatics Centre. pp. 38–45. http://www.education.nic.in/policy/npe-1968.pdf. Retrieved 2009-07-12. 
3. ^ ^{a b c} "National Education Policy 1986". National Informatics Centre. pp. 38–45. http://education.nic.in/cd50years/g/T/49/0T490401.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-12. 
4. ^ ^{a b c} "National Education Policy 1986". National Informatics Centre. pp. 38–45. http://education.nic.in/cd50years/g/T/49/0T490A501.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-12. ^{[dead link]}
5. ^ "National Policy on Education, 1986 (As modified in 1992)". HRD Ministry. http://www.education.nic.in/policy/npe86-mod92.pdf. Retrieved March 03, 2011.