- List of New Zealand by-elections
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By-elections in New Zealand occur to fill vacant seats in the New Zealand Parliament. The death, resignation, or expulsion of a sitting electorate MP can cause a by-election. (Note that list MPs do not have geographic districts for the purpose of provoking by-elections – if a list MP's seat becomes vacant, the next person on his or her party's list fills the position.)
Background
A by-election need not take place if a general election will occur within six months of an electorate seat becoming vacant. In 1996 the general election date was brought forward slightly, to 12 October, to avoid a by-election after the resignation of Michael Laws.
In recent years by-elections have not occurred particularly frequently – only one in the 2002–2005 parliamentary term, and none in the 1999–2002 or 2005–2008 terms. This is because most MPs who retire mid-term (e.g. Labour MPs Jim Sutton and Michael Cullen) were List MPs, and are simply replaced by the next member on their party list.
Historically, however, they have taken place considerably more frequently – the 2nd Parliament of 1856–1860, for example, saw 33 by-elections and four supplementary elections, despite the House of Representatives originally having just 37 seats (increasing to 41 seats during the parliamentary term).
In the past it was not uncommon for an MP who died in office to be replaced with an immediate family member such as a brother, wife (see widow's succession), or son. This resulted in the election of the first woman MP Elizabeth McCombs (who was in turn succeeded by her son Terence McCombs) and the first woman National MP Mary Grigg; both of whom took over their husband's seat. This practice has however fallen out of favour since the mid-seventies with the election of John Kirk to his late father's seat being the last occasion this happened at a by-election.
Eleven Prime Ministers first came to parliament via by-elections: Julius Vogel, Harry Atkinson, Robert Stout, John Ballance, William Massey, Peter Fraser, Keith Holyoake, Walter Nash, Bill Rowling, David Lange and Geoffrey Palmer. Five Prime Ministers (William Fox, Henry Sewell, Edward Stafford, George Grey and Joseph Ward) have won by-elections later in their parliamentary careers, while Labour leader Harry Holland was also first elected via a by-election. Some minor party founders have also launched their parties by resigning from a major party and their seat, then contesting it for their new party. Party founders who have done this include Matiu Rata and Tariana Turia. Interestingly, both resigned from Labour to form Māori parties. In 1980 Rata was unsuccessful in retaking his Northern Maori electorate for his newly formed Mana Motuhake party, but in 2004 Turia successfully reclaimed Te Tai Hauauru for the Maori Party. In addition, Winston Peters resigned from National and his parliamentary seat in 1993, retaking the seat as an independent and going on to form the New Zealand First party. In these circumstances, by-elections are seen as a legitimisation of the MP's rejection of his or her old party. In addition, they provide vital publicity and something of a mandate for the new party.
Pre-party era
By-election Electorate Date Incumbent Reason Winner 1st Parliament (1853–1855)
1854 Nelson 19 June William Travers[1] Resignation Samuel Stephens[2] 1854 Waimea 21 June William Cautley[3] Resignation William Travers[1] 1854 City of Auckland 4 August Thomas Bartley[4] Resignation William Brown[5] 2nd Parliament (1855–1860)
1856 Motueka & Massacre Bay 19 May Charles Parker[6] Resignation Herbert Curtis[7][8] 1856 Christchurch Country[9] 14 October Dingley Brittin[5] Resignation John Ollivier[10] 1856 Grey and Bell 14 October Charles Brown[5] Resignation John Lewthwaite[11] 1856 Town of Christchurch[12] 18 November Henry Sewell[13] Resignation Richard Packer[6] 1856 Hutt 27 November Alfred Ludlam[11] Resignation Samuel Revans[14] 1858 City of Auckland 27 April John Campbell[15] Resignation Thomas Forsaith[16] 1858 Pensioner Settlements[17] 29 April Joseph Greenwood[18] Resignation John Campbell[19] 1858 Southern Division 8 May Charles Taylor[20] Resignation Theodore Haultain[21] 1858 Grey and Bell 17 May John Lewthwaite[11] Resignation Charles Brown[5] 1858 Waimea 21 May Charles Elliott[22] Resignation David Monro[23] 1858 Wairau 21 May William Wells[24] Resignation Frederick Weld[24] 1858 Town of Lyttelton 28 May James FitzGerald[25] Resignation Crosbie Ward[26] 1858 Akaroa 31 May John Cuff[7] Resignation William Moorhouse[23] 1858 Dunedin Country 16 June John Cargill[15] Resignation John Taylor[20] 1858[27] Wairarapa and Hawkes Bay 22 July John Smith[28] Resignation James Ferguson[29] 1858 City of Wellington 27 July Isaac Featherston
William Fitzherbert[25]Resignations Isaac Featherston
William Rhodes[30]1858 Wellington Country 29 July Dudley Ward[26] Resignation Alfred Brandon[5] 1858 Hutt 31 July Dillon Bell[4]
Samuel Revans[14]Resignations Alfred Ludlam[11]
William Fitzherbert[25]1859 Town of Dunedin 14 January James Macandrew Resignation James Macandrew[31] Supplementary election, 1859
Cheviot 18 December[32] Edward Jollie Marsden 29 November[29] James Farmer Wairarapa 7 November[3] Charles Carter Wallace 30 November[4] Dillon Bell By-election Electorate Date Incumbent Reason Winner 2nd Parliament (continued)
1859 Waimea 26 December William Travers Resignation John Kelling 1860 Town of Christchurch[33][34] 18 January Richard Packer Resignation Henry Sewell 1860 (1st) Suburbs of Auckland 25 January Walter Brodie Resignation Theophilus Heale 1860 Dunedin Country 28 March William Cargill[15] Resignation Thomas Gillies[35] 1860 (1st) Christchurch Country 2 April John Ollivier Resignation Isaac Cookson 1860 City of Auckland 5 April Thomas Beckham Resignation Archibald Clark 1860 (2nd) Suburbs of Auckland 5 April Frederick Merriman Resignation Joseph Hargreaves 1860 Omata 16 April Alfred East Resignation James Richmond 1860 (2nd) Christchurch Country 21 April John Hall Resignation Charles Brown 1860 County of Hawke 26 April James Ferguson Resignation Thomas Fitzgerald 1860 Northern Division[36] 23 May Thomas Henderson Resignation Thomas Henderson 1860 Grey and Bell[37] 28 May Charles Brown Resignation Thomas King 1860 (3rd) Suburbs of Auckland 4 August Joseph Hargreaves Resignation John Campbell 3rd Parliament (1861–1865)
1861 Grey and Bell 20 June William King Death Harry Atkinson 1861 Suburbs of Nelson 20 June James Wemyss Resignation William Wells 1861 Napier 1 July Henry Stark Resignation William Colenso 1861 Wanganui 5 July Henry Harrison Resignation Henry Harrison 1862 (1st) City of Dunedin 17 March Thomas Dick Resignation Thomas Dick 1862 Town of New Plymouth 5 May Isaac Watt Resignation Henry Turton 1862 (2nd) City of Dunedin 30 May Edward McGlashan[38][39] Resignation John Richardson 1862 Ellesmere 9 June Thomas Rowley Resignation James FitzGerald 1862 Avon 11 June Alfred Creyke Resignation William Thomson 1862 Heathcote 12 June George Hall Resignation William Moorhouse 1862 City of Auckland West 14 June Josiah Firth Resignation James Williamson 1862 (3rd) City of Dunedin 11 November John Richardson Resignation James Paterson 1862 Hampden 4 December Thomas Fraser Absence John Jones Supplementary election, 1863
Dunedin and Suburbs North 28 March 1863 to 14 April 1863 John Richardson Dunedin and Suburbs South William Reynolds Gold Fields William Baldwin
George BrodieBy-election Electorate Date Incumbent Reason Winner 3rd Parliament (continued)
1863[40] Dunedin and Suburbs South 20 June James Paterson Resignation James Paterson 1863 Hampden 2 July John Jones Resignation Frederick Wayne 1863 Kaiapoi 2 September Isaac Cookson Resignation Robert Wilkin 1863 Dunedin and Suburbs North 3 September Thomas Dick Resignation Julius Vogel 1863 Town of New Plymouth 9 October Isaac Watt Resignation Henry Turton 1863 Heathcote 28 October William Moorhouse Resignation Alfred Cox 1863 Akaroa 30 October Augustus White Resignation Lancelot Walker 1864 Franklin 13 October Marmaduke Nixon Death (KIA) Theodore Haultain 1864 Town of New Plymouth 18 November Henry Turton Resignation Charles Brown 1864 Waimea 29 November Alfred Saunders Resignation John Miles 1865 (1st) Bruce 8 April Thomas Gillies Resignation Arthur Burns 1865 Raglan 19 April Charles Taylor Resignation William Buckland 1865 Parnell 20 April Reader Wood Resignation Robert Creighton 1865 Town of New Plymouth 19 May Charles Brown Resignation Henry Sewell 1865 Gold Fields 29 May William Baldwin Resignation Charles Haughton 1865 Rangitiki 10 July William Fox Resignation Robert Pharazyn 1865 Omata 18 July James Richmond Appointed to Legislative Council Francis Gledhill 1865 (2nd) Bruce 26 July Edward Cargill Resignation James Macandrew 1865 Wairarapa 29 July Charles Carter Henry Bunny 4th Parliament (1866–1870)
1866 Mount Herbert 27 July William Moorhouse Chose to represent Westland Thomas Potts 1866 Port Chalmers 15 December Thomas Dick Resignation Thomas Dick 1867 City of Dunedin 19 January William Reynolds Resignation William Reynolds 1867 City of Christchurch 13 February James FitzGerald Resignation William Travers 1867 Avon 11 March Crosbie Ward Resignation William Reeves 1867 Manuherikia 27 April William Baldwin Resignation David Mervyn 1867 Wanganui 27 April John Bryce Resignation Henry Harrison 1867 Town of New Plymouth 29 April John Richardson Resignation Harry Atkinson 1867 City of Auckland West 24 May James Williamson Resignation Patrick Dignan 1867 Raglan 4 June Joseph Newman Resignation James Farmer 1867 Parnell 5 June Frederick Whitaker Resignation Charles Heaphy 1867 Port Chalmers 15 June Thomas Dick Resignation David Main 1867 Waimea 28 June Arthur Oliver Resignation Edward Baigent 1867 Lyttelton 1 July Edward Hargreaves Resignation George Macfarlan 1867 Kaiapoi 5 July Joseph Beswick Resignation John Studholme 1867 Picton 25 July Arthur Beauchamp Resignation William Adams 1867 Pensioner Settlements 5 August Paul de Quincey Resignation John Kerr 1867 Ashley 7 August Lancelot Walker Resignation Henry Tancred 1868 Collingwood 18 March Andrew Richmond Resignation Arthur Collins Supplementary election, 1868
Westland North 3/4/1868 to 9/4/1868 Timothy Gallagher Westland South Edmund Barff First Māori elections
Eastern Maori 15 April 1868 to 20 June 1868 Tareha Te Moananui Northern Maori Frederick Russell Southern Maori John Patterson Western Maori Mete Paetahi By-election Electorate Date Incumbent Reason Winner 4th Parliament (continued)
1868 Avon 8 June William Reeves Resignation William Rolleston 1868 Picton 11 June William Adams Resignation Courtney Kenny 1868 Rangitiki 22 June William Watt Resignation William Fox 1868 Franklin 2 July Robert Graham Resignation William Swan 1868 Waikouaiti 27 July William Murison Resignation Robert Mitchell 1868 Lyttelton[41] 2 November George Macfarlan Death John Peacock 1868 Timaru 20 November Alfred Cox Resignation Edward Stafford 1868 City of Nelson 24 December Edward Stafford Resignation Nathaniel Edwards 1869 Marsden ?? February Francis Hull Resignation John Munro 1869 Roslyn 12 February George Hepburn Resignation Henry Driver 1869 City of Dunedin 5 March James Paterson Resignation Thomas Birch 1869 Newton 19 March George Graham Resignation Robert Creighton 1869 Waikouaiti 27 April Robert Mitchell Resignation Francis Rich 1869 Town of New Plymouth 28 April Harry Atkinson Resignation Thomas Kelly 1869 (1st) Wallace 30 April Alexander McNeil Resignation Cuthbert Cowan 1869 Oamaru 25 May Robert Campbell Resignation Charles Graham 1869 Taieri 19 June Donald Reid Resignation Henry Howorth 1869 (2nd) Wallace 17 September Cuthbert Cowan Resignation George Webster 1870 Bruce 21 March John Cargill Resignation James Brown 1870 Mongonui 30 March Thomas Ball Resignation Thomas Gillies 1870 Caversham 25 April Arthur John Burns Resignation James McIndoe 1870 Parnell 12 May Charles Heaphy Resignation Reader Wood 1870 Riverton 18 May Donald Hankinson Resignation Lachlan McGillivray 1870 City of Christchurch 12 August William Travers Resignation William Moorhouse 5th Parliament (1871–1875)
1871 City of Auckland West 1 September John Williamson Election Invalid[42] John Williamson 1871 Roslyn 12 September Henry Driver Resignation Edward McGlashan 1872 Wairau 19 February William Henry Eyes Resignation Arthur Seymour 1872 Waikato 1 March James McPherson Resignation William Jackson 1872 Wakatipu 13 March Charles Edward Haughton Resignation Bendix Hallenstein 1872 Rodney 16 March Henry Farnall Resignation John Sheehan 1872 City of Nelson 27 May Martin Lightband Resignation David Luckie 1872 Waikouaiti 12 June George McLean Resignation David Monro 1872 Coleridge[43] 23 July John Karslake Resignation William Bluett 1872 Heathcote[44] 30 July John Hall Resignation John Wilson 1872 Caversham 28 August Richard Cantrell Resignation William Tolmie 1872 Egmont 3 October William Gisborne Resignation Harry Atkinson 1873 Suburbs of Nelson 14 May Ralph Richardson Resignation Andrew James Richmond 1873 Lyttelton[45] 19 May John Peacock Resignation Henry Webb 1873 Invercargill 22 May William Henderson Calder Resignation John Cuthbertson 1873 Waikouaiti 23 July David Monro Resignation John Lillie Gillies 1873 Mongonui and
Bay of Islands24 July John McLeod Resignation John Williams 1873 Wakatipu 19 August Bendix Hallenstein Resignation Vincent Pyke 1873 Collingwood 9 December Arthur Collins Resignation William Gibbs 1874 Franklin 9 April Archibald Clark Resignation Joseph May 1874 (1st) Akaroa 20 April Robert Rhodes Resignation William Montgomery[46] 1874 City of Dunedin 23 April John Bathgate Resignation Nathaniel Wales 1874 Waitemata 3 August Thomas Henderson Resignation Gustav von der Heyde 1874 (2nd) Akaroa[47] 10 August William Montgomery Election invalid[48] William Montgomery 1874 Waitemata 16 September Gustav von der Heyde unseated on petition Gustav von der Heyde 1875 Kaiapoi 22 January John Studholme Resignation Charles Christopher Bowen 1875 (1st) City of Auckland West[49] 27 March Thomas Gillies Appointed to
Supreme CourtGeorge Grey 1875 (2nd) City of Auckland West 14 April John Williamson Death Patrick Dignan 1875 Rangitikei 24 April William Fox Resignation John Ballance 1875 Waikouaiti 3 May John Lillie Gillies Resignation George McLean 1875 Wairau 21 June Arthur Seymour Resignation Joseph Ward 1875 Wallace 6 August George Webster Death Christopher Basstian 1875 Caversham 20 August William Tolmie Death Robert Stout 6th Parliament (1876–1879)
1876 City of Auckland West[50] 25 July George Grey Resignation Benjamin Tonks 1876 Wanganui 27 September Julius Vogel Resignation William Fox 1877 Napier 15 February Donald McLean Death Fred Sutton 1877 City of Wellington 27 March Edward Pearce Resignation William Travers 1877 Totara 30 April George Henry Tribe Death William Gisborne 1877 City of Auckland West 2 May Benjamin Tonks Resignation James Wallis 1877 Wairarapa 3 July John Andrew Resignation George Beetham 1878 City of Wellington 18 February William Travers Resignation George Elliott Barton 1878 Timaru 8 April Edward Stafford Resignation Richard Turnbull 1878 Port Chalmers 12 April William Hunter Reynolds Resignation James Green 1878 Franklin 20 May Hugh Lusk Resignation Richard Hobbs 1878 Cheviot 21 May Leonard Harper Resignation Alfred Saunders 1878 Grey Valley 22 May Martin Kennedy Resignation Richard Reeves 1878 Hokitika 26 June Charles Button Resignation Seymour Thorne George 1878 City of Dunedin 3 July William Larnach Resignation Richard Oliver 1878 Taieri 11 July Donald Reid Resignation William Cutten 1878 Invercargill 17 July George Lumsden Resignation Henry Feldwick 1878 Waipa 24 July Alfred Cox Resignation Edward Graham McMinn 1878 Roslyn 29 July Arthur John Burns Resignation Henry Driver 1879 Gladstone 3 January Frederick Teschemaker Death John Studholme 1879 Mataura 15 January William Wood Resignation James Shanks 1879 City of Nelson 6 February John Sharp Resignation Acton Adams 1879 City of Auckland West 4 March Patrick Dignan Resignation David Goldie 1879 Coleridge[51] 8 May Cathcart Wason Resignation George Hart 1879 Hutt 2 July William Fitzherbert Resignation Henry Jackson 1879 Eastern Maori 7 July Karaitiana Takamoana Death Henare Tomoana 1879 Southern Maori 7 July Hori Kerei Taiaroa Resignation Ihaia Tainui 1879 City of Dunedin 15 July Robert Stout Resignation William Downie Stewart 7th Parliament (1879–1881)
1880 Rangitikei 8 May William Jarvis Willis Resignation William Fox 1880 Waitaki 16 June Thomas William Hislop Resignation George Jones 1880 Waikaia 21 September George Ireland Death Horace Bastings 1881 Suburbs of Nelson 11 January Andrew James Richmond Death Arthur Collins 1881 Southern Maori 1 March Ihaia Tainui Resignation Hori Kerei Taiaroa 1881 City of Nelson 7 June Acton Adams Resignation Henry Levestam 1881 Grey Valley 16 June Edward Masters Resignation Thomas Shailer Weston 8th Parliament (1882–1884)
1882 Franklin North 9 June Benjamin Harris Election declared void Benjamin Harris 1882 Wakanui 16 June Cathcart Wason Election declared void Joseph Ivess 1882 Stanmore[52] 11 July Walter Pilliet Election declared void Walter Pilliet 1883 Peninsula 24 January James Seaton Death William Larnach 1883 Selwyn 6 April John Hall Resignation Edward James Lee 1883 Inangahua 14 May Thomas Shailer Weston Resignation Edward Shaw 1883 Bruce 29 June James Rutherford Death James McDonald 1884 Selwyn 15 February Edward James Lee Death Edward Wakefield 1884 Thorndon 13 May William Levin Resignation Alfred Newman 1884 Kaiapoi 16 May Isaac Wilson Resignation Edward Richardson 1884 East Coast 16 June Allan MacDonald Resignation Samuel Locke 9th Parliament (1884–1887)
1885 Oamaru 20 May Samuel Edward Shrimski Resignation Thomas William Hislop 1885 (1st) Tauranga 22 May George Morris Resignation John Sheehan 1885 Waimea 3 June Joseph Shephard Resignation John Kerr 1885 Southern Maori 10 June Hori Kerei Taiaroa Resignation Tame Parata 1885 Wakanui 6 July John Grigg Resignation Joseph Ivess 1885 (2nd) Tauranga 11 July John Sheehan Death Lawrence Grace 1885 Bruce 5 August Robert Gillies Resignation Donald Reid 1886 Sydenham 12 May William White Resignation Richard Taylor 1886 Dunedin Central 19 October James Bradshaw Death Thomas Bracken 1886 Waitemata 11 December William Hurst Death Richard Monk 1886 Western Maori 23 December Te Puke Te Ao Death Hoani Taipua 1887 Heathcote[53] 8 February John Coster Death Frederic Jones 1887 Port Chalmers 6 April James Macandrew Death James Mills 1887 Te Aro 15 April Charles Johnston Resignation Francis Fraser 1887 Northern Maori 9 May Ihaka Hakuene Death Wi Katene 1887 Avon[54] 1 June Leonard Harper Resignation Edwin Blake 10th Parliament (1887–1890)
1888 Ashley 25 September William Pearson Death John Verrall 1889 Lincoln 16 January Arthur O'Callaghan Resignation Alfred Saunders 1889 City of Nelson 3 April Henry Levestam Death Joseph Harkness 1889 Christchurch North[55] 19 June Julius Vogel Resignation Edward Humphreys 1889 Oamaru 30 September Thomas William Hislop Resignation Thomas William Hislop 1889 Waipa 21 November William Jackson Death John Bryce 1889 East Coast 13 December Andrew Graham Resignation Alexander Creighton Arthur 1890 Timaru 18 August Richard Turnbull Death William Hall-Jones Liberal Party era
By-election Electorate Date Incumbent Party Cause Winner Party 11th Parliament (1891–1893)
1891 Northern Maori 7 February Hirini Taiwhanga Independent Death[56][57] Eparaima Te Mutu Kapa Independent 1891 Egmont 17 February Harry Atkinson[58] Independent Appointed to Legislative Council Felix McGuire[59] Independent 1891 Newton 31 March David Goldie Liberal Resignation George Grey Independent 1891 Te Aroha 9 July William Allen Independent Disallowed on petition William Fraser Liberal 1891 Waikato 6 October John Bryce Independent Resignation Edward Lake Independent 1891 City of Christchurch 9 October Westby Perceval Liberal Appointed Agent General Ebenezer Sandford Liberal 1892 City of Wellington 15 January Thomas Macdonald Liberal Resignation William McLean Liberal 1892 Bruce 4 May James Thomson Independent Resignation James Allen Independent 1892 Rangitikei 8 July Douglas Macarthur Independent Death Robert Bruce Independent 1893 Inangahua 8 June Richard Reeves Independent Bankruptcy Robert Stout Liberal 1893 Wanganui 9 June John Ballance Liberal Death Archibald Willis Liberal 1893 Thames 26 July Alfred Cadman Liberal Resignation James McGowan Liberal 1893 City of Auckland 4 August William Rees Liberal Resignation Alfred Cadman Liberal 12th Parliament (1894–1896)
1894 Waitemata 9 April Richard Monk Independent Election declared invalid William Massey Independent 1894 Tuapeka 9 July Vincent Pyke Liberal Death William Larnach Liberal 1895 City of Auckland 24 July George Grey Independent Resignation Thomas Thompson Liberal 1896 City of Christchurch 13 February William Reeves Independent Appointed Agent-General Charles Lewis Independent 13th Parliament (1897–1899)
1897 Suburbs of Wellington 23 April Thomas Wilford Liberal Election declared void Charles Wilson Liberal 1897 Awarua 5 August Joseph Ward Liberal Bankruptcy Joseph Ward Liberal 1897 City of Dunedin 13 October Henry Fish Independent Death Alexander Sligo Independent 1898[60] City of Wellington 9 March Robert Stout Liberal Resignation John Duthie Independent 1898 Mataura 26 May George Richardson Independent Bankruptcy Robert McNab Liberal 1898 Tuapeka 2 November William Larnach Liberal Death Charles Rawlins Independent 1899 City of Wellington 25 July John Hutcheson Liberal Resignation John Hutcheson Liberal 14th Parliament (1900–1902)
1900 Otaki 6 January Henry Augustus Field[29] Liberal Death William Hughes Field[29] Liberal 1900 City of Auckland 27 April William Crowther[7] Liberal Death Joseph Witheford[61] Liberal 1900 Waihemo 18 July John McKenzie[62] Liberal Resignation Thomas Mackenzie[62] Liberal 1901 Northern Maori 9 January Hone Heke Ngapua Liberal Bankruptcy Hone Heke Ngapua Liberal 1901 City of Christchurch 18 July Charles Lewis Independent Resignation George Smith Independent 1901 (1st) Patea 18 July George Hutchison Independent Resignation Frederick Haselden Independent 1901 (2nd) Patea 6 November Frederick Haselden Independent Election voided on petition[63] Frederick Haselden Independent 1901 Caversham 19 December Arthur Morrison Liberal Death Thomas Sidey Liberal 15th Parliament (1903–1905)
1904 Pahiatua 28 July John O'Meara Liberal Death William Hawkins Liberal 1905 City of Wellington 6 April George Fisher Liberal Death Francis Fisher Liberal 16th Parliament (1906–1908)
1906 Westland 13 July Richard Seddon Liberal Death Tom Seddon Liberal 1906 Manukau 6 December Matthew Kirkbride[64] Independent Death Frederic Lang[65] Independent 1907 Taranaki 4 May Edward Metcalf Smith[28] Liberal Death Henry Okey[10] Independent 1908 Tuapeka 5 June James Bennet Liberal Death William Chapple Independent 17th Parliament (1909–1911)
1909 Thames 4 February James McGowan Liberal Appointed to Legislative Council Edmund Taylor Liberal 1909 Northern Maori 20 March Hone Heke Ngapua Liberal Death Te Rangi Hīroa Liberal 1909 Rangitikei 16 September Arthur Remington Liberal Death Robert Smith Liberal 1910 Auckland East 16 June Frederick Baume Liberal Death Arthur Myers Independent 1911 Christchurch North 17 August Tommy Taylor New Liberal Death Leonard Isitt Liberal Multi-party era
By-election Electorate Date Incumbent Party Cause Winner Party 18th Parliament (1912–1914)
1912 Egmont 17 September Thomas Mackenzie Liberal Resignation Charles Wilkinson Reform 1913[66] Grey 17 & 24 July Arthur Guinness Liberal Death Paddy Webb Social Democrat 1913[67] Lyttelton 9 & 16 December George Laurenson Independent Death James McCombs Social Democrat 19th Parliament (1915–1919)
1915 Dunedin Central 3 February Charles Statham Reform Resignation Charles Statham Reform 1915 Bay of Islands 8 June Vernon Reed Reform Election declared void[68] William Stewart Reform 1915 Taumarunui 15 June William Jennings Liberal Election declared void[69] William Jennings Liberal 1916 Pahiatua 17 August James Escott Reform Death George Smith Reform 1917 Hawke's Bay 8 March Robert McNab Liberal Death John Findlay Liberal 1917 Bay of Islands 17 March William Stewart Reform Resignation Vernon Reed Reform 1917 Grey 24 November Paddy Webb Labour Resignation Paddy Webb Labour 1918 Wellington North 12 February Alexander Herdman Reform Resignation John Luke Liberal 1918 Southern Maori 21 February Taare Parata Liberal Death Hopere Uru Independent 1918 Grey 29 May Paddy Webb Labour Imprisonment Harry Holland Labour 1918 Wellington Central 3 October Robert Fletcher Liberal Death Peter Fraser Labour 1918 Taranaki 10 October Henry Okey Reform Death Sydney Smith Liberal 1918 Palmerston 19 December David Buick Reform Death James Nash Reform 1918 Wellington South 19 December Alfred Hindmarsh Labour Death Bob Semple Labour 20th Parliament (1920–1922)
1920 Bruce 14 April James Allen Reform Resignation John Edie Liberal 1920 Stratford 6 May Robert Masters Liberal Election declared void Robert Masters Liberal 1920 Bay of Plenty 30 September William MacDonald Liberal Death Kenneth Williams Reform 1921 Patea 13 April Walter Powdrell Reform Death Edwin Dixon Reform 1921 Auckland East 2 November Arthur Myers Liberal Resignation Clutha Mackenzie Reform 1922 Southern Maori 25 January Hopere Uru Reform Death Henare Uru Reform 1922 Dunedin North 21 June Edward Kellett Independent Death James Munro Labour 21st Parliament (1923–1925)
1923 Tauranga 28 March William Herries Reform Death Charles MacMillan Reform 1923 Oamaru 1 May John Macpherson Liberal Election declared void[70] John Macpherson Liberal 1925 Franklin 17 June William Massey Reform Death Ewen McLennan Reform 22nd Parliament (1926–28)
By-election Date Reason Winner 1926 Eden 15 April 1926 Appointment of Christopher Parr
to the High Commission of New Zealand, LondonRex Mason (Labour) 1927 Raglan 29 September 1927 Death of Richard Bollard William Lee Martin (Labour) 23rd Parliament (1929–31)
By-election Date Reason Winner 1929 Bay of Islands 10 April 1929 Previous result declared void Harold Rushworth (Country) 1929 Hutt 18 December 1929 Resignation of Thomas Mason Wilford Walter Nash (Labour) # 1930 Parnell 7 May 1930 Resignation of Harry Reginald Jenkins William Endean (Reform) 1930 Invercargill 13 August 1930 Death of Joseph Ward Vincent Ward (United) 1930 Waipawa 8 October 1930 Death of George Hunter Albert Jull (United) 1930 Western Maori 8 October 1930 Death of Maui Pomare Taite Te Tomo (Reform) 1931 Hauraki 27 May 1931 Death of Arthur William Hall Walter William Massey (Reform) 24th Parliament (1932–35)
By-election Date Reason Winner 1932 Southern Maori 3 August 1932 Death of Tuiti Makitanara Eruera Tirikatene (Independent) 1932 Motueka 1 December 1932 Death of George Black Keith Holyoake (Reform) # 1933 Lyttelton 13 September 1933 Death of James McCombs Elizabeth McCombs (Labour) 1933 Buller 22 November 1933 Death of Harry Holland Paddy Webb (Labour) 1935 Lyttelton 24 July 1935 Death of Elizabeth McCombs (Labour) Terry McCombs (Labour) 25th Parliament (1936–38)
By-election Date Reason Winner 1936 Manukau 30 September 1936 Resignation of William Joseph Jordan Arthur George Osborne (Labour) Two-party era
26th Parliament (1939–43)
By-election Date Reason Winner 1939 Christchurch South 3 June 1939 Death of Ted Howard (Labour) Robert Macfarlane (Labour) 1940 Auckland West 18 May 1940 Death of Michael Joseph Savage (Labour) Peter Carr (Labour) 1940 Waipawa 16 November 1940 Death of Albert Jull Cyril Geoffrey Edmund Harker (National) 1941 Waitemata 19 July 1941 Death of William John Lyon (Labour) Mary Manson Dreaver (Labour) 1941 Bay of Plenty 13 December 1941 Death of Gordon Hultquist (Labour) William Sullivan (National) 1942 Mid-Canterbury 27 January 1942 Death of Arthur Nattle Grigg (National) Mary Victoria Cracroft Grigg (National) 1942 Temuka 7 February 1942 Death of Thomas David Burnett Hugh John Dyke Ackland (National) 1942 Hauraki 7 February 1942 Death of John Manchester Allen (National) Andrew Sinclair Sutherland (National) 1943 Christchurch East 6 February 1943 Death of Tim Armstrong (Labour) Mabel Howard (Labour) 1943 Northern Maori 1943 Death of Paraire Karaka Paikea (Labour) Tapihana Paraire Paikea (Labour) 27th Parliament (1943–46)
By-election Date Reason Winner 1944 Awarua 28 October 1944 Death of James Hargest (National) George Richard Herron (National) 1945 Western Maori 10 February 1945 Death of Haami Tokouru Ratana (Labour) Matiu Ratana (Labour) 1945 Hamilton 26 May 1945 Death of Frank Findlay (National) Grace Hilda Ross (National) 1945 Dunedin North 21 July 1945 Death of James Wright Munro Robert Walls (Labour) 1946 Raglan 5 March 1946 Death of Robert Coulter (Labour) Hallyburton Johnstone (National) 28th Parliament (1946–49)
By-election Date Reason Winner 1947 Avon 28 May 1947 Death of Daniel Giles Sullivan (Labour) John Mathison (Labour) 1947 Mount Albert 24 September 1947 Death of Arthur Shapton Richards (Labour) Warren Freer (Labour) 1947 Westland 3 December 1947 Death of James O'Brien (Labour) James Begg Kent (Labour) 29th Parliament (1950–51)
By-election Date Reason Winner 1951 Brooklyn 17 February 1951 Death of Peter Fraser (Labour) Arnold Nordmeyer (Labour) 30th Parliament (1951–54)
By-election Date Reason Winner 1953 Dunedin North 12 December 1953 Death of Robert Walls (Labour) Ethel McMillan (Labour) 1953 Onehunga 19 December 1953 Death of Arthur Osborne (Labour) Hugh Watt (Labour) 1954 Onslow 7 July 1954 Death of Harry Ernest Combs (Labour) Henry May (Labour) 1954 Patea 31 July 1954 Resignation of William Alfred Sheat (National) Roy Jack (National) 31st Parliament (1955–57)
By-election Date Reason Winner 1956 Riccarton 27 October 1956 Death of Angus Mclagan (Labour) Mick Connelly (Labour) 1957 Bay of Plenty 6 April 1957 Resignation of William Sullivan Percy Allen (National) 32nd Parliament (1958–60)
By-election Date Reason Winner 1959 Hamilton 2 May 1959 Death of Grace Hilda Ross (National) Lancelot (Lance) Adams-Schneider (National) 33rd Parliament (1961–63)
By-election Date Reason Winner 1961 Hurunui 10 June 1961 Death of William Henry Gillespie Herbert Elmer Lorraine Pickering (National) 1962 Waitaki 10 March 1962 Death of Thomas Hayman Allan Dick (National) 1962 Buller 7 July 1962 Death of Jerry Skinner (Labour) Bill Rowling (Labour) # 1962 Timaru 21 July 1962 Resignation of Rev. Clyde Carr (Labour) Basil Arthur (Labour) 1963 Otahuhu 16 March 1963 Death of James Deas Bob Tizard (Labour) 1963 Northern Maori 16 March 1963 Death of Tapihana Paraire Paikea Matiu Rata (Labour) 1963 Grey Lynn 18 May 1963 Death of Fred Hackett Reginald Alfred Keeling (Labour) 34th Parliament (1964–66)
There were no by-elections during the term of the 34th Parliament.[38] 35th Parliament (1967–69)
By-election Date Reason Winner 1967 Southern Maori 11 March 1967 Death of Eruera Tirikatene Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan (Labour) 1967 Fendalton 15 April 1967 Death of Harry Lake Eric Holland (National) 1967 Petone 15 April 1967 Death of Michael Moohan Fraser Colman (Labour) 1967 Palmerston North 2 December 1967 Death of William Henry Brown Joe Walding (Labour) 1967 Eastern Maori 12 December 1967 Death of Puti Tipene Watene Paraone Reweti (Labour) 1968 Hutt 3 August 1968 Death of Walter Nash (Labour) Trevor James Young (Labour) 36th Parliament (1970–72)
By-election Date Reason Winner 1970 Marlborough 21 February 1970 Death of Tom Shand Ian James Brooks (Labour) 37th Parliament (1973–75)
By-election Date Reason Winner 1974 Sydenham 2 November 1974 Death of Norman Kirk John Kirk (Labour) 38th Parliament (1976–78)
By-election Date Reason Winner 1976 Nelson 28 February 1976 Death of Stanley Whitehead Mel Courtney (Labour) 1977 Mangere 26 March 1977 Resignation of Colin Moyle (Labour) David Lange (Labour) # 1977 Pahiatua 30 April 1977 Sir Keith Holyoake appointed as Governor-General John Falloon (National) 1978 Rangitikei 18 February 1978 Death of Sir Roy Jack Bruce Beetham (Social Credit) 39th Parliament (1979–81)
By-election Date Reason Winner 1979 Christchurch Central 18 August 1979 Death of Bruce Barclay (Labour) Geoffrey Palmer (Labour) # 1980 Northern Maori 7 June 1980 Resignation of Matiu Rata (was Labour) Bruce Gregory (Labour) 1980 Onehunga 7 June 1980 Death of Frank Lewis Rogers (Labour) Fred Gerbic (Labour) 1980 East Coast Bays 6 September 1980 Appointment of Frank Gill as
Ambassador to the United StatesGary Knapp (Social Credit) 40th Parliament (1982–84)
There were no by-elections during the term of the 40th Parliament.[38] 41st Parliament (1984–87)
By-election Date Reason Winner 1985 Timaru 15 June 1985 Death of Basil Arthur (Labour) Maurice McTigue (National) 42nd Parliament (1987–90)
There were no by-elections during the term of the 42nd Parliament. 43rd Parliament (1990–93)
By-election Date Reason Winner 1992 Tamaki 15 February 1992 Retirement of Robert Muldoon (National) Clem Simich (National) 1992 Wellington Central 12 December 1992 Election of sitting MP Fran Wilde (Labour)
to Mayoralty of WellingtonChris Laidlaw (Labour) 1993 Tauranga 17 April 1993 Resignation of Winston Peters from the National Party Winston Peters (Independent) 44th Parliament (1994–96)
By-election Date Reason Winner 1994 Selwyn 13 August 1994 Resignation of Ruth Richardson (National) David Carter (National)[71] MMP era
45th Parliament (1997–99)
By-election Date Reason Winner 1998 Taranaki-King Country 2 May 1998 Resignation of Jim Bolger (National) Shane Ardern (National)[72] 46th Parliament (2000–02)
There were no by-elections during the term of the 46th Parliament. 47th Parliament (2003–05)
By-election Date Reason Winner 2004 Te Tai Hauauru 10 July 2004 Resignation of Tariana Turia from the Labour Party Tariana Turia (Māori Party)[73] 48th Parliament (2006–08)
There were no by-elections during the term of the 48th Parliament. 49th Parliament (2009–current)
By-election Date Reason Winner 2009 Mount Albert 13 June 2009 Resignation of Helen Clark (Labour) David Shearer (Labour)[74] 2010 Mana 20 November 2010 Resignation of Winnie Laban (Labour) Kris Faafoi (Labour)[75] 2011 Botany 5 March 2011 Resignation of Pansy Wong (National) Jami-Lee Ross (National) 2011 Te Tai Tokerau 25 June 2011 Resignation of Hone Harawira (Independent) Hone Harawira (Mana Party) References
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See also
Elections and referendums in New ZealandGeneral elections 1853 · 1855 · 1860–61 · 1866 · 1868 (Māori) · 1871 · 1875–76 · 1879 · 1881 · 1884 · 1887 · 1890 · 1893 · 1896 · 1899 · 1902 · 1905 · 1908 · 1911 · 1914 · 1919 · 1922 · 1925 · 1928 · 1931 · 1935 · 1938 · 1943 · 1946 · 1949 · 1951 · 1954 · 1957 · 1960 · 1963 · 1966 · 1969 · 1972 · 1975 · 1978 · 1981 · 1984 · 1987 · 1990 · 1993 · 1996 · 1999 · 2002 · 2005 · 2008 · 2011Local elections Referendums Alcohol licensing, 1896–1987 · Gambling, 1949 · Military training, 1949 · Sale of Liquor, 1949 · Parliamentary term, 1967 · Sale of Liquor, 1967 · Parliamentary term, 1990 · Voting method, 1992 · Voting method, 1993 · Firefighters, 1995 · Pensions, 1997 · Justice, 1999 · MP reduction, 1999 · Smacking, 2009 · Voting method, 2011By-elections · Supplementary electionsCategories:- By-elections in New Zealand
- Lists of by-elections
- Elections in New Zealand
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