Academy of Arcadia

The Academy of Arcadia or Academy of Arcadians (Italian official name: Pontificia Accademia degli Arcadi) was an Italian literary academy founded in Rome during 1690.

History

The beginnings of the Arcadian Academy date to February, 1656, when a literary circle formed under the patronage of Queen Christina of Sweden, who had abdicated the Swedish crown in 1654 and converted to Catholicism, moving to Rome where she spent much of the rest of her life. There she became a significant patron of music and opera, with composers including Alessandro Scarlatti, Alessandro Stradella and Arcangelo Corelli dedicating works to her. After her death in 1689, the Academy of Arcadia was established in her memory, electing the late Queen as its symbolic head ("Basilissa", the Greek term for "Empress"). The Academy would last for the next two hundred years, remaining a leading cultural institution into the 20th century.

The Academy of Arcadia was so called because its principal intention was to reform the diction of Italian poetry, which the founders believed had become corrupt through over-indulgence in the ornamentation of the baroque style, under the inspiration of pastoral literature, the conventions of which imagined the life of shepherds, originally supposed to have lived in Arcadia in the golden age, divinely inspired in poetry by the Muses, Apollo, Hermes and Pan. The Academy chose as its emblem the pipe of Pan with its seven unequal reeds. The fourteen founders selected as first "Custode di Arcadia", or president of the Academy, Giovanni Mario Crescimbeni, author of a history of Italian poetry and of various literary works. The Arcadians proposed to themselves to return to the fields of truth, always singing of subjects of pastoral simplicity, drawing their inspiration from Greco-Roman bucolic poetry. The ideal parameters for the artistic work were simplicity and a sense of measure and beauty. Common to all the poets was the desire to oppose the poetry of the Marinists, and return to classic poetry, embracing also the recent rationalist influence of Descartes. Norms and rituals of the Academy took their cue from classic and pastoral mythology, as in the custom of assuming "pastoral" names (Crescimbeni, for example, chose that of Carlo Alfesibeo).

The first solemn gathering of the Arcadians was held on the Janiculum, in a wood belonging to the Reformed Minorites, on 5 October, 1690. In 1692, the meetings were transferred to the Esquiline in the gardens of Duke Orsini; in 1696, to the Farnese gardens on the Palatine. Finally, the generosity of John V of Portugal, one of its members under the name of Arete Melleo, enabled the society to secure (1773) on the Janiculum a site known as the "Bosco Parrasio" (Parrasian Grove). Here they held their meetings in summer days, in winter moving to the "Teatro degli Arcadi", in the Salviati Palace.

While the Academy was still on the Palatine, its "Statuto" (constitution) was drawn up. This constitution (the work of co-founder Gian Vincenzo Gravina) was modelled on the ancient Roman laws of the "Twelve Tables", and was engraved on marble. Differing tendencies soon asserted themselves, following the ideas of the two founders: that of Gravina stood in the tradition of Homer and Dante, while that of Crescimbeni was more influenced by Petrarch. Because of these differences Gravina left to found the Accademia dei Quinti in 1711. Despite this loss, Arcadia retained its vigour in the following years, and created colonies in many cities of Italy. Many noblemen, ecclesiastics, and artists held membership in it to be an honour, and very soon it numbered 1,300. Much of what they produced, however, was either mediocre or pretentious (an example is Saverio Bettinelli's disparagement of Dante), although the Academy did receive some endorsement for its attack on the redundant Rococo style, then dominant in art and literature.

The celebrated opera librettist Pietro Metastasio (1698-1782) although he had his own differences with Arcadia, was a student of Gravina's, and a leading light of the Academy's second generation. His works, of which the best remembered might be "Il Re Pastore" because of its setting by Mozart, may represent the closest thing to a justification of its program that Arcadia achieved.

In 1795, the Academy admitted the Italian Diodata Saluzzo Roero, as one of its first female members.Letizia Panizza & Sharon Wood. "A History of Women's Writing in Italy". pp 144.]

A violent anti-Arcadian reaction soon developed, and, starting from the early 19th century, Arcadianism began to be regarded as a late and unconvincing expression of the ancien régime. After the end of the French Revolution, the Academy strove to renew itself in accord with the spirit of the times, without sacrificing its traditional system of sylvan associations and pastoral names. The Academy no longer represented a literary school, but a general interest in the classics, and figures like Dante came to be greatly honoured by its members. Furthermore, the Academy's field of endeavour was enlarged to include many branches of study, including history and archaeology. The new Arcadian revival was marked by the foundation (1819) of the "Giornale Arcadico". In 1925 the Academy was renamed to become the "Accademia Litteraria Italiana", a historical institute.

The Academy of Arcadia counted among its members some of the principal literary men of the time, including Menzini, Redi, Metastasio, Rolli, Guidi, and others. The famous composer George Frideric Handel is known to have often attended the meetings and symposia of the Arcadian Academics when studying in Italy, under the patronage of Ruspoli, a leading member of the Academy. There is an interesting account of the Academy's history and program in Goethe's "Italian Journey".

The archives of the Academy are currently housed in the Biblioteca Angelica, next to the church of Sant'Agostino in Rome. The paintings are housed by Palazzo Braschi.

References

* L. Barroero and S. Susinno, "Arcadian Rome, Universal Capital of the Arts," in "Art in Rome in the Eighteenth Century", ed. E. P. Bowron and J. J. Rishel, 47-77 (Philadelphia: Philadelphia Museum of Art, 2000)
* Dixon, S.M. (1999) Women in Arcadia, "Eighteenth Century Studies", 32(3), pp. 371-375.
* Dixon, S.M. (2006) "Between the real and the ideal: the Accademia degli Arcadi and its garden in eighteenth-century Rome" (Newark, University of Delaware Press).
* Giorgetti Vichi, A.M. (Ed.) (1977) "Gli Arcadi dal 1690 al 1800: Onomasticon" (Rome, Arcadia - Accademia Letteraria Italiana). (List of members)
*Claudio Rendina, "Enciclopedia di Roma", Newton Compton, Rome, 2000.

ee also

http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_dell'Arcadia

External links

* [http://www.scholarly-societies.org/history/1690ada.html Notes on the Accademia dell'Arcadia from the Scholarly Societies project]