Nigerian Army

Nigerian Army
Crest of the Nigerian Army
Active
Country	Nigeria
Type	Army
Headquarters	Abuja, Nigeria
Motto	Victory is from God alone
Commanders
Chief of Army Staff	Lieutenant general Onyabor Azubuike Ihejirika [1]

The Nigerian Army (NA) the largest of the Nigerian Armed Forces, has about 100,000 professional personnel.^[2] The original elements of the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF) in Nigeria were formed in 1900.

During the Second World War, British-trained Nigerian troops saw action with the 1st (West Africa) Infantry Brigade, the 81st and the 82nd (West Africa) Divisions which fought in the East African Campaign (World War II) and in the Far East.

In Nigeria, from a force of 8,000 in five infantry battalions and supporting units, strength rose to around 120,000 in three divisions by the end of the Nigerian Civil War in 1970.^[3] In terms of doctrine, the task of the Federal Nigerian army did not fundamentally change: its task remained to close with and defeat an organised enemy.

The rapid expansion saw a severe decline in troop quality. The Nigerian expansion process led to an extreme shortage of commissioned officers, with newly-created lieutenant-colonels commanding brigades, and platoons and companies often commanded by sergeants and warrant officers. This resulted in tentative command-and-control and in rudimentary staff work.^[4] One result of the weak direction was that the Federals' three divisions fought independently, and competed for men and materiel. Writing in a 1984 study, Major Michael Stafford of the US Marine Corps noted that "Inexperienced, poorly trained and ineptly led soldiers manifested their lack of professionalism and indiscipline by massacres of innocent civilians and a failure to effectively execute infantry tactics." ^[5] Among the results was the 1967 Asaba massacre.

The influence of individual personalities are generally greater in the armies of developing states, as they tend to have weaker institutional frameworks. Key personalities involved in Nigeria included then-Colonel Olusegun Obasanjo. Obasanjo is particularly important due to his efforts to reorganise his command, 3 Division, during the civil war to improve its logistics and administration. The reorganisation he instituted made the Division capable of carrying out the offensive that ended the civil war.

The Nigerian Army fought the civil war significantly under-resourced; Obasanjo's memoirs chronicle the lack of any stocks of extra equipment for mobilisation, and the "haphazard and unreliable system of procurement and provisioning" which lasted for the entire period of the war.^[6] Arms embargoes imposed by several Western countries made the situation more difficult.

Structure

Nigerian troops with a US C-130 Hercules

HQ 1 Division

HQ 2 Division

HQ 3 Armoured Division

HQ 81 Division

HQ 82 Division

Divisions of Nigeria

Divisions in the Nigerian Army were first formed during the Nigerian Civil War, when in August–September 1967, 1 Area Command at Kaduna was redesignated 1 Infantry Division, 2 Division was formed under Colonel Murtala Mohammed, and the then Lagos Garrison Organisation was renamed 3 Infantry Division, later to become 3 Marine Commando Division.^[7]

"At the end of the Civil War, the three divisions of the army were reorganised into four divisions, with each controlling territories running from North to South in order to deemphasise the former regional structure. Each division thus had access to the sea thereby making triservice cooperation and logistic support easier. This deployment formula was later abandoned in favour of the present assignment of sectors to the divisions. Thus 1 Division with HQ at Kaduna is allocated the North West sector; 2 Division with HQ at lbadan South West sector, 3 Division with HQ at Jos North East sector and 82 Division with HQ at Enugu South East sector."

Its formations include the 1st Division, headquartered in Kaduna in the north-west, and 2nd Division (HQ Ibadan in the South-West, which includes 32 Artillery Brigade at Abeokuta).^[8] 2nd Division also possibly includes 4 Brigade at Benin City, with 19 Battalion at Okitipupa and 195 Battalion at Agenebode. 52 Signal Regiment may be the divisional signals unit. 3rd Armoured Division's headquarters is at Rukuba Cantonment, Jos, in the North-East, and includes 21 Armoured Brigade Maiduguri, 23 Brigade Yola, and 33 Artillery Brigades.^[9] 81st Division (Amphibious) HQ in Lagos, which includes the 9th Brigade, based at the Ikeja compound in Lagos, 82nd Division (Airborne and Amphibious) HQ in Enugu in the South-East, which includes the 2 Brigade at Port Harcourt, 13 Brigade at Calabar and the 34 Artillery Brigade at Obinze/Owerri. The Composite Division at Enugu was formed in 1964 as 4th Infantry Division, in 1975 became Lagos Garrison Organization; in 1981 became 4th Composite Division; became a Composite Division in May 2002.^[10] 3rd Armoured Division was responsible in 1983 for the security of areas bordering Chad.^[11]

Lagos and Abuja have garrison commands with the Lagos garrison as large as a division. 81 Division was the youngest Division in the Nigerian Army. The Division was formed on 26 May 2002 when the Lagos Garrison Command (as it then was) was upgraded to a full-fledged Division. The Division therefore inherited the security roles hitherto performed by the defunct Lagos Garrison Command.^[12] However a later undated article in a Nigerian online newspaper says the 81 Division was later again renamed the Lagos Garrison Command. In the 1980s, the Army's brigades included the 7th Infantry Brigade in Sokoto. There are also Divisional Artillery Brigades, among which are the 32 and 34 Artillery Brigades,^[13] ordinance corps units as well as Combat Engineer Regiments, and many other service support units spread across the country.

Training and Doctrine Command was formed in 1981, and is located at Minna. It supervises the army's schools, including the Depot. The Army sponsors the Nigerian Military School at Zaria.

Nigerian military forces abroad

Nigerian soldiers in Somalia, 1993

In December 1983, the new Major General Muhammadu Buhari regime announced that Nigeria could no longer afford an activist anti-colonial role in Africa. Anglophone ECOWAS members established ECOMOG, dominated by the Nigerian Army, in 1990 to intervene in the civil war in Liberia. The Army has demonstrated its capability to mobilize, deploy, and sustain brigade-sized forces in support of peacekeeping operations in Liberia. Smaller army forces have been previously sent on UN and ECOWAS deployments in the former Yugoslavia, Angola, Rwanda, Somalia, and Sierra Leone.^{[citation needed]}

That policy statement did not deter Nigeria under Generals Ibrahim Babangida in 1990 and Sani Abacha in 1997 from sending peacekeeping troops as part of ECOMOG under the auspices of ECOWAS into Liberia and later Sierra Leone when civil wars broke out in those countries. President Olusegun Obasanjo in August 2003 committed Nigerian troops once again into Liberia, at the urging of the United States, to provide an interim presence until the UN's force UNMIL arrived. Charles Taylor was subsequently eased out of power and exiled to Nigeria.

In October 2004, Nigerian troops again deployed into Darfur, Sudan to spearhead an AU force to protect civilians in Darfur.

Nigeria claimed to have contributed more than 20,000 troops and police officers to various UN missions since 1960. The Nigeria Police Force and troops have served in places like UNIPOM (UN India-Pakistan Observer mission) 1965, UNIFIL in Lebanon 1978, the UN observer mission, UNIIMOG supervising the Iran-Iraq ceasefire in 1988, former Yugoslavia 1998, East Timor 1999, and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) 2004.

Nigerian officers have served as chiefs of defence in other countries, with Brigadier General Maxwell Khobe serving as Sierra Leone chief of staff in 1998-1999,^[14] and Nigerian officers acting as Command Officer-in-Charge of the Armed Forces of Liberia from at least 2007.

Chiefs of the Nigerian Army

Following is a chronological list of officers holding the position of General Officer Commanding (GOC) or Chief of Army Staff (COAS).^[15]

Lt Gen Ishaya BamaiyiDSS Usawc psc(+) COAS Mar 1996-May 1999

Officer	Title	Period Served	Remarks
Maj-Gen. Kenneth G. Exham		1956–1960	Duke of Wellington's Regiment
Major-General Foster	GOC
Major General Sir Christopher Welby-Everard	GOC	1963–1965	Last British GOC
Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi	GOC	1965–1966	Later military ruler
Lt Col Yakubu Gowon FSS	COAS	Jan 1966 - Jul 1966	Later military ruler
Lt Col Joseph Akahan OFR FSS	COAS	May 1967 - May 1968
Maj Gen Hassan Katsina rcds psc	COAS	May 1968 - Jan 1971
Maj Gen David Ejoor	COAS	Jan 1971 - Jul 1975
Lt Gen Theophilus Danjuma	COAS	Jul 1975 - Oct 1979
Lt Gen Ipoola Alani Akinrinade CFR FSS	COAS	Oct 1979 - Apr 1980	nil
Lt Gen Gibson Jalo CFR FSS JSS	COAS	Apr 1980 - Oct 1981
Lt Gen Mohammed Inuwa Wushishi CFR FSS	COAS	Oct 1981 - Oct 1983
Maj Gen Ibrahim Babangida	COAS	Jan 1984 - Aug 1985	Later military ruler
Lt Gen Sani Abacha GCON, DSS mni	COAS	Aug 1985 - Aug 1990	Later military ruler
Lt Gen Salihu Ibrahim FSS FHWC	COAS	Aug 1990 - Sept 1993
Lt Gen Aliyu Gusau Mohammed DSS rcds	COAS	Sep 1993 - Nov 1993
Maj Gen Chris Alli CRG DSS ndc psc(+)	COAS	Nov 1993 - Aug 1994??
Maj Gen Alwali Kazir DSS Usawc psc(+)	COAS	Aug 1994 - Mar 1996
Lt Gen Victor Malu DSS mni fwc psc	COAS	May 1999 - Apr 2001
Lt Gen Alexander Ogomudia	COAS	Apr 2001 - Jun 2003	Later Chief of Defence Staff (CDS).
Lt Gen Martin Luther Agwai	COAS	Jun 2003 Jun 2006	Later Commander of the United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur.
Lt Gen Owoye Andrew Azazi	COAS	1 June 2006 - May 2007	Later Chief of Defence Staff (CDS).
Lt Gen Luka Yusuf CFR GSS GPP DSO psc(+) fwc Msc	COAS	Jun 2007 - Aug 2008
Lt Gen Abdulrahman Bello Dambazau CFR GSS psc ndc fwc(+) PhD	COAS	Aug 2008 - Sept 2010
Lt Gen Onyabor Azubuike Ihejirika	COAS	Sept 2010 - Date

Equipment

Small arms

• Beretta M 1951 pistol  Italy
• Walther P5 pistol  Germany
• Browning Hi-Power pistol  Belgium\ United States
• AK-47  Soviet Union
• M16 rifle  United States
• FN FAL rifle  Belgium
• Heckler & Koch G3 rifle  Germany
• FN FNC rifle  Belgium
• Daewoo K2 rifle  South Korea
• SIG SG 540 rifle  Switzerland
• FN MAG machine gun  Belgium
• M2 Browning  United States

Anti-Aircraft Weapons

• Blowpipe missile (MANPADS) - 48 launchers  United Kingdom^[16]
• SA-7 Grail MANPADS - 100 Launchers  Soviet Union
• Roland SP-SAM - 16 Launchers  France \  Germany
• Bofors 40mm anti-aircraft gun  Sweden
• ZSU-23-4 (SPAAG) - 30 Shilka\Gundish  Soviet Union
• ZU-23-2 (air defence gun) - 20  Soviet Union

Artillery

• L16 81mm Mortar  United Kingdom - 200
• M-43 82mm Mortar  Soviet Union - 100
• Bofors FH-77 155mm towed howitzer  Sweden - 73
• D-30 122mm towed howitzer  Soviet Union - 200
• OTO Melara Mod 56 howitzer  Italy - 200
• M-56 105mm towed howitzer  Yugoslavia - 200
• Brandt 120mm Heavy-Mortar  France - 30
• M-46 (field gun)  Soviet Union - 7

Anti-Tank Weapons

• Swingfire ATGM Launcher  United Kingdom
• Carl Gustav recoilless rifle 84mm RCL  Sweden - 30
• M40 recoilless rifle 106mm RCL  United States

Self propelled Guns

• BM-21 (rocket artillery) Grad 122mm\9K51  Soviet Union - 21
• Palmaria 155mm SPH  Italy - 27

Tanks

• Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (tracked) Scorpion tank Alvis FV-101 76mm LT  United Kingdom - 150
• Alvis Scimitar 30mm gun ARV  United Kingdom - 5
• AMX-30 105mm MBT  France - 16
• Vickers MK-III 105mm tank  United Kingdom - 170 (IISS Military Balance 2007, p. 287)
• T-55 (medium tank) 100mm MBT  Soviet Union - 100,(IISS 2007)
• T-72 125mm MBT-77  Russia

Armored Personal Vehicles

• BTR-60 8x8 (APC)  Soviet Union - 6
• Véhicule Blindé Léger VBL  France - IISS Military Balance 2007 estimates Nigeria has '72 VBL (reported).'(p. 287)
• Otokar Cobra light armoured vehicle 4x4  Turkey - 193
• Alvis FV-601 Saladin 76mm 6x6 ARV  United Kingdom - 16
• Panhard ERC-90 Sagie 90mm 6x6 ARV  France - 46
• Panhard AML-90 90mm 4x4 ARV  France - 120
• Panhard AML-60 60mm 4x4 ARV  France - 60
• Fox 30mm 4x4 ARV  United Kingdom - 55
• Engesa EE-9 Cascavel 90mm 6x6 ARV  Brazil - 75
• Engesa EE-11 Urutu 6x6 APC  Brazil
• Alvis FV-603 Saracen 6x6 APC  United Kingdom - 10
• Steyr 4K7FA-G127 APC  Austria - 250
• MT-LB APC  Soviet Union - 67
• Mowag LAV Piranaha 6x6 APC  Swiss - 70
• BTR-3U 8x8 APC  Ukraine - 47
• Gaz BTR-80UM 8x8 APC  Russia - 47
• Gila4x4^{[disambiguation needed  South Africa - 12}
• Panhard M-3 4x4 APC  France - 18
• Saxon 4x4 APC  United Kingdom - 75

Other Vehicles

• Vickers ARV Recovery Tank  United Kingdom - 15
• Vickers AVLB Briddging Tank  United Kingdom - 18
• Steyr 4KH7FA-SB-20 Greif Recovery Tank  Austria - 15
• Steyr 19-S-25 4x4 Recovery truck  Austria
• Steyr 32-S-29 6x6 Recovery truck  Austria
• SDP-700 4x4 Truck
• Land Rover 4x4  United Kingdom
• Pinzgauer 4x4  Germany
• Steyr M-14 4x4  Austria

References

1. ^ http://www.nigerian-army.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=63&Itemid=1&fontstyle=f-default
2. ^ IISS Military Balance 2007, p.287
3. ^ Scott report, Sunday Telegraph, 11 January 1970, via N.J. Miners, The Nigerian Army 1956-66, Methuen and Co. Ltd, London, 1971, p.229
4. ^ Neville Brown, "The Nigerian Civil War," Military Review, vol. 48, October 1968, p. 28, cited in Major Michael Stafford, Quick Kill in Slow Motion, Marine Corps CSC, 1984, at http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/SMR.htm
5. ^ Stafford study, 1984
6. ^ Olunsegun Obasanjo, My Command: An Account of the Nigerian Civil War 1967-70, Heinemann, Ibadan/London/Nairobi, 1980, p.61
7. ^ General Olunsegun Obasanjo, 'My Command: An Account of the Nigerian Civil War 1967-70,' Heinemann, Ibadan/London/Nairobi, p.18 (Via Joint Services Command and Staff College Library)
8. ^ Army Games Begin in Abeokuta
9. ^ Nigerian Army 3 Division, verified October 2008
10. ^ Orbat.com, Concise World Armies 2006
11. ^ Jimi Peters, The Nigerian military and the state, I.B. Tauris, 1997, p.174, via Google Books
12. ^ Nigerian Army Website, accessed August 2008
13. ^ Saxone Akhaine, Army chief decries military's involvement in politics, Guardian, Kaduna, 13 October 2008
14. ^ Dr Nowa Omoigui
15. ^ "Chronicle of Command". The Nigerian Army. http://www.nigerian-army.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=41&Itemid=44. Retrieved 2010-06-01. 
16. ^ forecastinternational.com