Papal apocrisiarius

Papal apocrisiarius

The apocrisiarius or apocrisiary was the legate from the Pope to the Patriarch of Constantinople, circa 452-743,[1] equivalent to the modern nunciature.

Contents

Nomenclature

The term of the office comes from the Greek word apokrisis, "response".[1] The Latin language name for the office would have been responsalis, from the word responsum.[1] The term was also used by other ecclesiastical envoys, either between bishops or between a bishop and a royal court, although this specific office was one of the first and most notable examples.[1]

History and functions

In part, the role of the apocrisiarius was to represent the interests of the Roman church at the imperial court in Constantinople.[2] Relations between the Pope and the Byzantine Empire were also managed at the court of the Exarchate of Ravenna—where the pope had another permanent apocrisiarius[1]—and the Archbishop of Ravenna. The later had a special role as responsalis at the papal court during the papacy of Gregory I.[1] According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, "in view of the great importance attaching to the relations between the popes and the imperial court of Constantinople, especially after the fall of the Western Empire (476), and during the great dogmatic controversies in the Greek Church, these papal representatives at Constantinople took on gradually the character of permanent legates and were accounted the most important and responsible among the papal envoys."[1]

Most were former members of the diaconate, as they were the most educated and potentially skilled in diplomatic negotiations.[2] The apocrisiarius held "considerable influence as a conduit for both public and covert communications" between Pope and Byzantine emperor.[3] During the Byzantine Papacy, seven apocrisiarii went on to be selected as pope. According to one commentator, "to be sent as apocrisiarius to Constantinople was to graduate for the papacy."[4] When in Constantinople, the apocrisiarius resided in the Placidia Palace, as early as the end of the Acacian schism in 519.[3][5]

End of the office

The popes continued to have a permanent apocrisiary in Constantinople until the time of the Byzantine Iconoclasm edict of 726.[6] Thereafter, popes Gregory II, Gregory III, Zacharias, and Stephen II are known to have sent non-permanent apocrisiaries to Constantinople.[6]

The office ceased having any religious role in the 8th century, although it continued to be regularly occupied well into the 10th century.[6] Circa 900, the office began being referred to as syncellus.[6] A permanent envoy may have been re-established after the reconciliation of 886.[6] A syncellus, unlike an apocrisiarius, was a representative to the emperor, not the patriarch.[6] These ambassadors continued into the 11th century, even after the East-West Schism.[6]

Later use of the title

According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, "from the reign of Charlemagne (d. 814) we find apocrisiarii at the court of the Frankish kings, but they are only royal arch-chaplains decorated with the title of the ancient papal envoys."[1]

List of apocrisiarii

Apocrisiarius Term of office Appointing pope Emperor Patriarch Notes
Julianus, Bishop of Cos Circa 450–457 Pope Leo I (440–461) Marcian (450–457) First apocrisiarius; circa the Monophysitism dispute[1]
Vigilius ?-536 Pope Agapetus I (535–536) Justinian I (527–565) Menas (536–552) Future Pope Vigilius
Pelagius 536-? Pope Agapetus I (535-536) Future Pope Pelagius I[7]
Stephen ? Pope Vigilius (537-555) Menas (536-552) Exommunicated Menas[8]
Deacon Gregory 579–585 Pope Pelagius II (579–590) Tiberius II Constantine (578–582)
Maurice (582–602)
Eutychius (577–582)
John IV Nesteutes (582–595)
Future Pope Gregory I
Archdeacon Laurence 585-ante September 591 Pope Pelagius II (579-590) [9]
Deacon Honoratus ? Pope Gregory I (590–604) [10]
Sabinianus c. July 593–ante November 597 Pope Gregory I (590–604) Maurice (582–602) Cyriacus II (596–606) Future Pope Sabinian[11]
Anatolius c. June 597-post February 601/ante January 602 [12]
Boniface post July 603-post November 603 [13]
Deacon Cataadioce 603–606 Pope Gregory I (590–604) Phocas (602–610) Cyriacus II (596–606) Future Pope Boniface III
Theodore Future Pope Theodore I
Martin Future Pope Martin I

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wikisource-logo.svg "Apocrisiarius" in the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia.
  2. ^ a b Ekonomou, 2007, p. 8.
  3. ^ a b Herrin, 1989, p. 152.
  4. ^ Howorth, 1913, p. xxvi.
  5. ^ Ekonomou, 2007, p. 9.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Silas McBee, "Normal Relations," p. 651-53 (PDF).
  7. ^ Howorth, 1913, p. 408.
  8. ^ Robert Browning, 1971, Justinian and Theodora, p. 221.
  9. ^ Howorth, 1913, p. 416.
  10. ^ Philip Schaff and Henry Wace (eds.), A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, p. 76.
  11. ^ Howorth, 1913, pp. 416-419.
  12. ^ Howorth, 1913, p. 421.
  13. ^ Howorth, 1913, pp. 421, 425-26.

References

  • Ekonomou, Andrew J. 2007. Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern influences on Rome and the papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590-752. Lexington: Lexington Books. ISBN 073911977X
  • Henry Hoyle Howorth. 1913. Saint Augustine of Canterbury. Google Books.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем решить контрольную работу

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Apocrisiarius — • Indicates in general the ecclesiastical envoys of Christian antiquity, whether permanent or sent temporarily on missions to high ecclesiastical authorities or royal courts Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Apocrisiarius      …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Apocrisiarius — An apocrisiarius (Latinized from the Greek Αποκρισιάριος; sometimes Anglicized as apocrisiary) was a high diplomatic representative during Late Antiquity and the early medieval period. The purist Latin term was responsalis he who answers . The… …   Wikipedia

  • Ostrogothic Papacy — Pope Symmachus s (498 514) triumph over Antipope Laurentius is the first recorded example of simony in papal history. The Ostrogothic Papacy was a period from 493 to 537 where the papacy was strongly influenced by the Ostrogothic Kingdom, if the… …   Wikipedia

  • Pope Martin I — Martin I redirects here. For the Aragonese king, see Martin I of Aragon. Infobox Pope English name=Martin I birth name=??? term start=June or July, 649 term end=655 predecessor=Theodore I successor=Eugene I birth date=??? birthplace=Near Todi,… …   Wikipedia

  • Dioscorus — • Dioscorus. Antipope (d. 530) • Dioscorus. Fifth century Bishop of Alexandria Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Dioscorus     Dioscorus …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • St. Maximus of Constantinople —     St. Maximus of Constantinople     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► St. Maximus of Constantinople     Known as the Theologian and as Maximus Confessor, born at Constantinople about 580; died in exile 13 August, 662. He is one of the chief names in… …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Legate — • In its broad signification, means that person who is sent by another for some representative office. In the ecclesiastical sense it means one whom the pope sends to sovereigns or governments or only to the members of the episcopate and faithful …   Catholic encyclopedia

  • Pope Gregory I — Saint Gregory redirects here. For other uses, see Saint Gregory (disambiguation). Pope Gregory I Papacy began 3 September 590 Papacy ended 12 March 604 …   Wikipedia

  • Gregory I, Saint — known as Gregory the Great born с 540, Rome died March 12, 604, Rome Pope (590–604) and doctor of the church. A Roman patrician, by age 32 he had attained the office of urban prefect. He then felt called to the religious life. He built several… …   Universalium

  • Gregory I —     Pope St. Gregory I ( the Great )     † Catholic Encyclopedia ► Pope St. Gregory I ( the Great )     Doctor of the Church; born at Rome about 540; died 12 March 604. Gregory     is certainly one of the most notable figures in Ecclesiastical… …   Catholic encyclopedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”