iOS

This article is about Apple's mobile/tablet OS. For Cisco Systems' router/switch OS, see Cisco IOS. For other uses, see IOS (disambiguation).

iOS

iOS 5.0.1 running on an iPhone 4S
Company / developer	Apple
Programmed in	C, C++, Objective-C
OS family	Mac OS X/BSD/Unix-like
Working state	Current
Initial release	June 29, 2007
Latest stable release	iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad 5.0.1 (Build 9A405)  (November 10, 2011; 8 days ago (2011-11-10)) Apple TV 5.0 (Build 9A336a)  (October 24, 2011; 25 days ago (2011-10-24).) [+/−]
Latest unstable release	N/A [+/−]
Available language(s)	Multilingual
Supported platforms	ARM (iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad, Mac OS X, and 2nd gen Apple TV)
Kernel type	Hybrid (XNU)
Default user interface	Cocoa Touch (Multi-touch, GUI)
License	Proprietary EULA except for open-source components
Official website	www.apple.com/ios

iOS (formerly known as iPhone OS) is Apple's mobile operating system. Originally developed for the iPhone, it has since been extended to support other Apple, Inc. devices such as the iPod touch, iPad and Apple TV. Apple, Inc. does not license iOS for installation on third-party hardware. As of October 4, 2011 (2011 -10-04)^[update], Apple, Inc.'s App Store contains more than 500,000 iOS applications,^[1] which have collectively been downloaded more than 18 billion times. In the last quarter of 2010, it had a 26% share of the smartphone operating system market in terms of units sold, behind Google's Android and Nokia's Symbian.^[2] As of May 2010, it accounted for 59% of mobile web consumption—including both the iPod touch and the iPad—in North America.^[3]

The user interface of iOS is based on the concept of direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures. Interface control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons. The response to user input is immediate and provides a fluid interface. Interaction with the OS includes gestures such as swipe, tap, pinch, and reverse pinch, all of which have specific definitions within the context of the iOS operating system and its multitouch interface. Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device (one common result is the undo command) or rotating it in three dimensions (one common result is switching from portrait to landscape mode).

iOS is derived from Mac OS X, with which it shares the Darwin foundation, and is therefore a Unix-like operating system by nature.

In iOS, there are four abstraction layers: the Core OS layer, the Core Services layer, the Media layer, and the Cocoa Touch layer. The current version of the operating system (iOS 5.0.1) uses roughly 774.4 megabytes of the device's storage, varying for each model.^[4]

History

The operating system was unveiled with the iPhone at the Macworld Conference & Expo on January 9, 2007, and released in June of that year.^[5] At first, Apple marketing literature did not specify a separate name for the operating system, stating simply that the "iPhone runs OS X".^[6] Initially, third-party applications were not supported. Steve Jobs argued that developers could build web applications that "would behave like native apps on the iPhone".^[7][8] On October 17, 2007, Apple announced that a native Software Development Kit (SDK) was under development and that they planned to put it "in developers' hands in February".^[9] On March 6, 2008, Apple released the first beta, along with a new name for the operating system: "iPhone OS".

The previous September, Apple had released the iPod touch, which had most of the non-phone capabilities of the iPhone. Apple also sold more than one million iPhones during the 2007 holiday season.^[10] On January 27, 2010, Apple announced the iPad, featuring a larger screen than the iPhone and iPod touch, and designed for web browsing, media consumption, and reading iBooks.^[11]

In June 2010, Apple rebranded iPhone OS as "iOS". The trademark "IOS" had been used by Cisco for over a decade for its operating system, IOS, used on its routers. To avoid any potential lawsuit, Apple licensed the "IOS" trademark from Cisco.^[12]

Version history

Main article: iOS version history

Apple licensed the trademark for "iOS" from Cisco Systems (which owned IOS), the same company with which Apple had earlier settled a dispute over the "iPhone" trademark.^[13]

Apple released iOS 4 on June 21, 2010, three days before the iPhone 4,^[14] in an effort to reduce the strain on Apple's servers. iOS 4 was the first version of the OS to be a free upgrade on the iPod touch; Apple had charged $4.99 for earlier upgrades. Apple previously announced that iPad users with 3.x software would receive a free upgrade to the next major (4.x) release.^[15]

iOS 4.0.1 included a fix to the reception signal strength indicator(s). It was released on July 15, 2010, the day before Apple hosted a press conference to discuss its response to the widely publicized iPhone antenna issues. Apple also released iOS 3.2.1 for the iPad which tweaked the tablet's Wi-Fi connectivity, video playback, and copy-and-paste for PDF attachments, among other updates.

iOS 4.1 for the iPhone and iPod touch was released on September 8, 2010; the update fixed some bugs reported by users, improved battery life and added several new features:

• Game Center, which allows gamers to play multiplayer games online, upload high scores and unlock achievements (though Apple removed Game Center from the iPhone 3G because of reports of slow performance)
• The ability to toggle spell checking on and off
• HDR photography (iPhone 4 only)
• Ping, a social music network and discovery tool

iOS 4.1 also updated carrier settings which (at that time in the United States, AT&T 8.0 only). At the same time, TV show rentals became available on the iTunes US Store.

iPad 2 is currently the only iOS device with the Photo Booth app. iOS 4.2.5 was released as a demo version for the CDMA version of the iPhone 4. This iPhone 4 variant was released for Verizon Wireless customers in the US on February 10, 2011, but pre-ordering was available for qualified Verizon Wireless Customers on February 3. The version released with the phone, 4.2.6, has some slight UI changes specifically for the CDMA version of the phone, including a "Personal Hotspot" switch in the Settings app, a service which has to be activated by the carrier in order for the feature to be usable. This became available for purchase from Verizon as a separate plan, as is currently possible on other smartphones.

iOS 4.3 was released to the public on March 9, 2011, two days before the iPad 2 was available in the United States. In addition to earlier features, the public release of iOS 4.3 included many new features such as a Nitro JavaScript engine in Safari, making Safari run up to twice as fast according to Apple.^[16] iTunes Home Sharing also received a major revision in iOS 4.3; it allows users to connect to their home Wi-Fi networks and stream content from iOS devices to speakers, TVs and other devices, or vice versa.^[16] Personal Hotspot for iPhone 4 is a new feature to GSM iPhones (previously released with the Verizon CDMA iPhone) that allows the user to create a Wi-Fi network with an iPhone 4 and provide Internet access for up to five other devices on Verizon Wireless, three on AT&T.^[17][18]. In addition, the side button on the iPad is now customizable, with users able to use it either as a system sound mute or as a screen rotation lock.^[16] iOS 4.3 was not released for CDMA iPhones, which stayed on 4.2.x versions until they were upgraded to iOS 5 with the rest of the iOS line on October 12, 2011.

iOS 5.0 and its features were announced on June 6 at the WWDC 2011 keynote address. The update was released at 6pm GMT on October 12, 2011. iOS 5 introduced the iCloud service and the Notification Center, as well as improvements to native apps such as Camera. The operating system also features new applications, such as the "Reminders" app and "Newsstand", an application that lets you buy newspapers and magazines. Newsstand is the first native application to run on the homescreen. "iMessage" is an application that allows iPod touch, iPhone, and iPad users to communicate, much like a chat service only used between these devices. The iMessage feature has been integrated into the "Messages" application on the iPhone. The iPod application on the iPhone and iPad has now been split into the Music and Video application, just as it had been on the iPod touch. iOS 5 also brings long-awaited Hindi virtual keyboard. According to Apple, the new OS has over 200 new features^[19].

iOS 5 introduced a restriction over previous versions. Previously, it had been possible to install an app that allowed printing to (almost) any WiFi printer from any app that supported printing to the Apple air printer. iOS 5.0 (and later) have dliberately disabled the ability of printer support apps to work and it is now only possible to print to an air printer. There are workarounds for some (but not all) apps. ^[20]

Features

Home screen

The home screen (rendered by "SpringBoard") displays application icons and a dock at the bottom of the screen where users can pin their most frequently used apps. The home screen appears whenever the user switches on the device or presses the "Home" button (a physical button on the device). The screen has a status bar across the top to display data, such as time, battery level, and signal strength. The rest of the screen is devoted to the current application.

An iPhone 4S status bar displaying its icons. From left to right: Cellular network signal strength, wireless carrier name, Cellular network mode, Wi-Fi signal strength, time, orientation lock, location services, background audio playing, alarm clock, Bluetooth, and battery status. (Not pictured: airplane mode, call forwarding, device lock, network activity, personal hotspot, TTY, VPN, WiFi sync, and Battery percentage)

Since iOS version 3.0, a Spotlight Search function has been available on the home screen, allowing users to search through media, applications, emails, contacts and similar files.

Folders

With iOS 4 came the introduction of a simple folder system. When applications are in "jiggle mode", any two can be dragged on top of each other to create a folder, and from then on, more apps can be added to the folder using the same procedure, up to 12 on iPhone and iPod touch and 20 on iPad. A title for the folder is automatically selected by the type of applications inside, but the name can also be edited by the user.

Notification Center

Main article: Notification Center

In the iOS 5 update, the notifications feature has been completely redesigned. Notifications now collate in a window which can be dragged down from the top of the screen. And if you touch a received notification, you go to the application that sent the notification.

Included applications

The iOS home screen contains these default "apps". Some of these applications are hidden by default and accessed by the user through the Settings app or another method—for instance, Nike+iPod is activated through the Settings app.

Primary

Name	Use	First appearance
		iPhone	iPod touch	iPad
Phone	Telephone, FaceTime video calling	1.0 (FaceTime 4.0)	FaceTime 4.1	FaceTime 4.3
Mail	E-mail client	1.0	1.1.3	3.2
Safari	Web browser
Music (formerly iPod)	Portable media player

Secondary

Name	Use	Version included
		iPhone	iPod touch	iPad
Messages	Text messaging, MMS, iMessage instant messaging	1.0 (MMS 3.0, iMessage 5.0)	iMessage 5.0	iMessage 5.0
Calendar	Calendar	1.0		3.2
Photos	Photo viewer	1.0 (Video viewer 2.0)		3.2
Camera	Camera, Camcorder	1.0 Video recording and auto-focus iPhone 3GS (3.0) onwards 720p HD video iPhone 4 (4.0) HDR iPhone 4 (4.1) Crop, red eye fix, auto enhance and photo rotate (5.0)	4.1 (4th generation only) Crop, red eye fix, auto enhance and photo rotate (5.0)(4th generation only)	4.3 (iPad 2 only) Crop, red eye fix, auto enhance and photo rotate (5.0) (iPad 2 only)
YouTube	YouTube video streamer	1.0		3.2
FaceTime	Video calling	4.0 (iPhone 4, via Phone app)	4.1 (4th generation)	4.3 (iPad 2)
Stocks	Yahoo! Finance	1.0		N/A
Maps	Google Maps	1.0 (Assisted GPS 2.0)	1.0	3.2
Weather	Yahoo! Weather	1.0		N/A
Voice Memos	Voice recorder	3.0		N/A
Notes	A simple note-taking program	1.0		3.2
Newsstand	A newspaper and magazine store	5.0
Reminders	A to-do list application	5.0
Clock	World clock, stopwatch, alarm clock and timer	1.0		N/A
Calculator	Calculator (includes scientific version)	1.0 (Scientific calculator 2.0)		N/A
Settings	Settings	1.0		3.2
iTunes	Access to the iTunes Music Store and iTunes Podcast Directory	1.1		3.2
App Store	To buy iOS apps	2.0		3.2
Compass	Compass	3.0 (iPhone 3GS onwards)	N/A	N/A
Contacts	Address/phone book	1.0 (integrated in Phone app) (Separate application for 2.0)	1.1	3.2
Nike + iPod	Records the distance and pace of a walk or run; can connect to Nike + iPod sensor	3.0 (iPhone 3GS onwards)	2.2.1+ (2nd Generation onwards)	N/A
Game Center	Allows the user to play multiplayer games with other users, track in game achievements and view leaderboards.	4.1 (iPhone 3GS onwards)	4.1 (2nd Generation onwards)	4.2 (4.2.1 to public)
Photo Booth	A camera application with added special effects	N/A	N/A	4.3 (iPad 2)
Siri	Voice control assistant	5.0 (iPhone 4S Only)	N/A	N/A

All of the utilities, such as voice memos, clock, calculator, and compass are in one folder called "Utilities" in 4.0.^[21][22] Many of the included applications are designed to share data (e.g., a phone number can be selected from an email and saved as a contact or dialed for a phone call).

The iPod touch retains the same applications that are present by default on the iPhone, with the exception of the Phone, Messages, Compass and Camera (before the 4th generation) apps. The "iPod" App present on the iPhone is split into two apps, on the iPod touch: Music, and Videos. The bottom row of applications is also used to delineate the iPod touch's main purposes: Music, Videos, Safari, and App Store (Dock Layout was changed in 3.1 Update). For the 4th Generation iPod touch, it includes FaceTime and Camera, and the dock layout had changed to Music, Mail, Safari, Video. As of iOS 5.0, "iMessage" will be available on all iOS devices running iOS 5. iMessage is effectively a version of the iPhone Messages app that sends free text or multimedia messages to other iOS devices (similar to BlackBerry Messenger).

The iPad comes with the same applications as the iPod touch excluding Stocks, Weather, Clock, Calculator, and the Nike + iPod app. Separate music and video apps are provided, as on the iPod touch, although (as on the iPhone) the music app is named "iPod". In iOS 5, the iPod app will be replaced by Music and Video apps on all devices. Most of the default applications are completely rewritten to take advantage of the iPad's larger display. The default dock layout includes Safari, Mail, Photos and Music.

Multitasking

Before iOS 4, multitasking was limited to a selection of the applications Apple included on the devices.^[23] Apple worried that running multiple third-party applications simultaneously would drain batteries too quickly. Starting with iOS 4, on 3rd-generation and newer iOS devices, multitasking is supported through seven background APIs:^[24]

1. Background audio - application continues to run in the background as long as it is playing audio or video content^[25]
2. Voice over IP - application is suspended when a phone call is not in progress^[25]
3. Background location - application is notified of location changes^[25]
4. Push notifications
5. Local notifications - application schedules local notifications to be delivered at a predetermined time^[25]
6. Task completion - application ask the system for extra time to complete a given task^[25]
7. Fast app switching - application does not execute any code and may be removed from memory at any time^[25]

Switching applications

Double-clicking the home button activates the application switcher. A scrollable dock-like interface appears from the bottom, moving the contents of the screen up. Choosing an icon switches to an application. To the far left are icons which function as music controls, and a rotation lock. Holding the icons briefly makes them "jiggle" (similarly to the homescreen) and allows the user to force quit the applications.

Game Center

Main article: Game Center

Game Center is an online multiplayer "social gaming network"^[26] released by Apple.^[27] It allows users to "invite friends to play a game, start a multiplayer game through matchmaking, track their achievements, and compare their high scores on a leader board."^[26]

Game Center was announced during an iOS 4 preview event hosted by Apple on April 8, 2010. A preview was released to registered Apple developers in August.^[26] It was released on September 8, 2010 with iOS 4.1 on iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS and iPod touch 2nd generation through 4th generation. Game Center made its public debut on the iPad with iOS 4.2.1.^[28] There will be no support for the iPhone 3G and original iPhone. However, Game Center is unofficially available on the iPhone 3G via a hack.^[29]

Development

The applications must be written and compiled specifically for iOS and the ARM architecture. The Safari web browser supports web applications as with other web browsers. Authorized third-party native applications are available for devices running iOS 2.0 and later through Apple's App Store.

SDK

Main article: iOS SDK

iOS SDK included in Xcode 3.1

On October 17, 2007, in an open letter posted to Apple's "Hot News" weblog, Steve Jobs announced that a software development kit (SDK) would be made available to third-party developers in February 2008.^[30] The SDK was released on March 6, 2008, and allows developers to make applications for the iPhone and iPod touch, as well as test them in an "iPhone simulator". However, loading an application onto the devices is only possible after paying an iPhone Developer Program fee. Since the release of Xcode 3.1, Xcode is the development environment for the iOS SDK. iPhone applications, like iOS and Mac OS X, are written in Objective-C.^[31]

Developers are able to set any price above a set minimum for their applications to be distributed through the App Store, of which Apple will take 30% of the revenue (the other 70% goes to the developer). Alternately, they may opt to release the application for free and need not pay any costs to release or distribute the application except for the membership fee.^[32]

Jailbreaking

Main article: iOS jailbreaking

iOS has been subject to a variety of different hacks centered on adding functionality not supported by Apple. Before the 2008 debut of the App Store, the primary reason for jailbreaking was to install third-party native applications.^[33] Apple said it would not design software updates specifically to break these native apps (other than applications that perform SIM unlocking); however, with each iOS update the jailbreak appears to no longer work.^[34]

Since the arrival of the App Store and third-party applications, the focus of the jailbreaking community has shifted.^[35] A major focus of jailbreaking is allowing theming, using emulators and community-made tweaks like multitasking, Adobe Flash player, accessing the iPhone file system, and customizing the SpringBoard further. Multitasking is only natively supported on 3rd-generation and newer iOS devices, and applications on the official App Store are not allowed to modify the look of the OS, hence the need for jailbreaking.

Digital rights management

The closed and proprietary nature of iOS has garnered criticism, particularly by digital rights advocates such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation, computer engineer and activist Brewster Kahle, Internet-law specialist Jonathan Zittrain, and the Free Software Foundation who protested the iPad's introductory event and have targeted the iPad with their "Defective by Design" campaign.^{[36][37][38][39]} Competitor Microsoft, via a PR spokesman, has also criticized Apple's control over its platform.^[40]

At issue are restrictions imposed by the design of iOS, namely DRM intended to lock purchased media to Apple's platform, the development model (requiring a yearly subscription to distribute apps developed for the iOS), the centralized approval process for apps, as well as Apple's general control and lockdown of the platform itself. Particularly at issue is the ability for Apple to remotely disable or delete apps at will.

Some in the tech community have expressed concern that the locked-down iOS represents a growing trend in Apple's approach to computing, particularly Apple's shift away from machines that hobbyists can "tinker with" and note the potential for such restrictions to stifle software innovation.^[41][42] However, there are some outside of Apple who have voiced support for the iOS closed model. Facebook developer Joe Hewitt, who had previously protested against Apple's control over its hardware as a "horrible precedent", has subsequently argued the locked apps in the iPad are akin to web applications and provide added security.^[43]

See also

• iOS version history
• List of iOS devices

References

1. ^ "Apple Introduces New iPod touch". Apple Press Release. September 1, 2010. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/09/01ipodtouch.html. Retrieved September 4, 2010. 
2. ^ "Google’s Android becomes the world’s leading smart phone platform". Canalys. January 31, 2011. http://www.canalys.com/pr/2011/r2011013.html. Retrieved February 8, 2011. 
3. ^ Perez, Sarah (June 14, 2010). "Android Steals Market Share from iPhone". ReadWriteWeb. http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/android_steals_market_share_from_iphone.php. Retrieved February 2, 2011. 
4. ^ Haslam, Karen (January 12, 2007). "Macworld Expo: Optimised OS X sits on 'versatile' flash". Macworld. http://www.macworld.co.uk/ipod-itunes/news/index.cfm?newsid=16927. Retrieved October 15, 2007. 
5. ^ Honan, Matthew (January 9, 2007). "Apple unveils iPhone". Macworld. http://www.macworld.com/article/54769/2007/01/iphone.html. Retrieved January 16, 2010. 
6. ^ "Apple – iPhone – Features – OS X". Archived from the original on January 11, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080111051348/http://www.apple.com/iphone/features/index.html#macosx. Retrieved June 15, 2010. 
7. ^ Gonsalves, Antone (October 11, 2007). "Apple Launches iPhone Web Apps Directory". InformationWeek. http://www.informationweek.com/news/hardware/mac/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=202401732. Retrieved February 16, 2010. 
8. ^ Ziegler, Chris (June 11, 2007). "Apple announces third-party software details for iPhone". Engadget. http://www.engadget.com/2007/06/11/apple-announces-third-party-software-details-for-iphone/. Retrieved June 9, 2010. 
9. ^ Nik Fletcher (October 17, 2007). "Apple: "we plan to have an iPhone SDK in developers' hands in February"". TUAW - The Unofficial Apple Weblog. http://www.tuaw.com/2007/10/17/apple-we-plan-to-have-an-iphone-sdk-in-developers-hands-in-fe/. Retrieved June 8, 2010. 
10. ^ "Apple Reports Fourth Quarter Results". Apple. October 22, 2007. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2007/10/22results.html. Retrieved June 9, 2010. 
11. ^ "Apple Launches iPhone Web Apps Directory". Apple. January 27, 2010. http://www.apple.com/pr/library/2010/01/27ipad.html. Retrieved May 8, 2010. 
12. ^ Tartakoff, Joseph (June 7, 2010). "Apple Avoids iPhone-Like Trademark Battle Thanks To Cisco, FaceTime Deals [sic"]. paidContent. http://paidcontent.org/article/419-deja-vu-apples-new-ios-brand-is-already-used-by-cisco/. Retrieved February 2, 2011. 
13. ^ "Cisco and Apple Agreement on IOS Trademark". "Cisco Blog". http://blogs.cisco.com/news/comments/cisco_and_apple_agreement_on_ios_trademark/. Retrieved June 7, 2010. 
14. ^ "Steve Jobs live from WWDC 2010". June 7, 2010. http://www.engadget.com/2010/06/07/steve-jobs-live-from-wwdc-2010/. Retrieved June 9, 2010. 
15. ^ "iPad licensing agreement specifies paid annual OS updates". March 29, 2010. http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/10/03/29/ipad_licensing_agreement_specifies_paid_annual_os_updates.html. Retrieved July 2, 2010. 
16. ^ ^{a b c} "iOS 4.3 Software Update". Apple. http://www.apple.com/ios/. Retrieved 2011-08-10. 
17. ^ "iOS 4.3 Personal Hotspot Wi-Fi Sharing Limited to Three Devices in Many Countries?". Mac Rumors. 2011-03-04. http://www.macrumors.com/2011/03/04/ios-4-3-personal-hotspot-wi-fi-sharing-limited-to-three-devices-in-many-countries/. Retrieved 2011-08-10. 
18. ^ "AT&T Confirms Personal Hotspot Support Alongside March 11th iOS 4.3 Launch". Mac Rumors. 2011-03-03. http://www.macrumors.com/2011/03/03/atandt-confirms-personal-hotspot-support-alongside-march-11th-ios-4-3-launch/. Retrieved 2011-08-10. 
19. ^ "iOS 5 feature set". Apple. 2011‑06‑06. http://www.apple.com/ios/ios5/features.html. Retrieved 2011‑06‑08. 
20. ^ Info from EuroSmartz
21. ^ "iPhone Applications". Apple. July 10, 2008. http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?artnum=306003. Retrieved July 11, 2008. 
22. ^ "iOS 3.1 Software Update". Apple. http://www.apple.com/iphone/softwareupdate/. 
23. ^ "iOS 4 walkthrough". June 14, 2010. http://www.tipb.com/2010/06/14/ios-4-walkthrough/. Retrieved June 14, 2010. 
24. ^ "Apple announces multitasking for iPhone OS 4 (iPhone 3GS/iPod touch G3 only)". April 8, 2010. http://www.tipb.com/2010/04/08/apple-announces-multitasking-iphone-40/. Retrieved June 14, 2010. 
25. ^ ^{a b c d e f} iOS Application Programming Guide - Executing Code in the Background
26. ^ ^{a b c} "What's New in iOS 4". Apple. http://developer.apple.com/technologies/iphone/whats-new.html#gamecenter. Retrieved June 14, 2010. 
27. ^ "Apple's Game Center debuts next week - Game Hunters: In search of video games and interactive awesomeness - USATODAY.com". Content.usatoday.com. January 9, 2010. http://content.usatoday.com/communities/gamehunters/post/2010/09/apples-game-center-debuts-next-week/1. Retrieved September 1, 2010. 
28. ^ Holt, Chris. "iOS 4.1's GameCenter to Hit iPhone Next Week – PCWorld Business Center". Pcworld.com. http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/204659/ios_41s_gamecenter_to_hit_iphone_next_week.html. Retrieved September 1, 2010. 
29. ^ "Game Center". Apple. Sept 2010. http://www.apple.com/game-center/. Retrieved 7 Sept 2010. 
30. ^ Jobs, Steve (October 17, 2007). "Third Party Applications on the iPhone". Apple. http://developer.apple.com/iphone/devcenter/third_party_apps.php. 
31. ^ "Did Apple Make A Mistake Choosing Objective-C For iPhone SDK? at Simon’s Blog". Psynixis.com. http://www.psynixis.com/blog/2008/04/25/did-apple-make-a-mistake-choosing-objective-c-for-iphone-sdk/. Retrieved May 9, 2010. 
32. ^ "Introducing the iPhone Developer Program". Apple. http://developer.apple.com/iphone/program/details.html. 
33. ^ Healey, Jon (August 6, 2007). "Hacking the iPhone". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oew-healey6aug06,0,3456267.story. Retrieved August 6, 2007. 
34. ^ "Apple's Joswiak: We Don't Hate iPhone Coders". September 11, 2007. http://www.gearlog.com/2007/09/apples_joswiak_we_dont_hate_ip.php. Retrieved June 9, 2010. 
35. ^ Baig, Edward C. (June 26, 2007). "Apple's iPhone isn't perfect, but it's worthy of the hype". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/tech/columnist/edwardbaig/2007-06-26-iphone-review_N.htm. Retrieved June 28, 2007. 
36. ^ "iPad DRM endangers our rights". http://www.defectivebydesign.org/ipad. 
37. ^ Nate Anderson (January 27, 2010). "Protestors: iPad is nothing more than a golden calf of DRM". http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2010/01/protestors-ipad-is-nothing-more-than-a-golden-calf-of-drm.ars. Retrieved June 9, 2010. 
38. ^ "Mobile Devices and the Next Computing Revolution". February 3, 2010. http://thedianerehmshow.org/shows/2010-02-03/mobile-devices-and-next-computing-revolution-0. Retrieved June 9, 2010. 
39. ^ Bobbie Johnson (February 1, 2010). "Apple iPad will choke innovation, say open internet advocates". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2010/feb/01/apple-ipad-choke-innovation. Retrieved February 7, 2010. 
40. ^ "Microsoft PR spokesman condemns iPad for being "locked down"". http://technologizer.com/2010/01/28/microsoft-ipads-closed-platfor-is-humorous/. 
41. ^ "Apple's Trend Away From Tinkering". Slashdot. January 31, 2010. http://apple.slashdot.org/story/10/01/31/1657233/Apples-Trend-Away-From-Tinkering. Retrieved June 9, 2010. 
42. ^ Steve Wozniak (Interviewee) (January 22, 2011). Campus Party Brasil 2011 – Geek Pride e Wozniak. Fragoso, Victor. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JDrJd7GkkNA&feature=related. Retrieved March 7, 2011. 
43. ^ Leander Kahney (January 30, 2010). "Pundits On The iPad’s Closed System: It’s Doom For PCs, No It’s Great". http://www.cultofmac.com/pundits-on-the-ipads-closed-system-its-doom-for-pcs-no-its-great/28440. Retrieved June 9, 2010. 

Further reading

• Mark, Dave; LaMarche, Jeff (July 21, 2009). Beginning iPhone 3 Development: Exploring the iPhone SDK (1st ed.). Apress. p. 584. ISBN 1430224592. http://apress.com/book/view/1430224592. 
• Mark, Dave; LaMarche, Jeff (December 29, 2009). More iPhone 3 Development: Tackling iPhone SDK 3 (1st ed.). Apress. p. 552. ISBN 143022505X. http://apress.com/book/view/143022505X. 

External links

• Official website
• iOS Dev Center – on the Apple Developer Connection website
• iOS Reference Library – on the Apple Developer Connection website